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PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION As Jan Alber noted very aptly, Hayden White and Monika Fludernik agree that the general purpose of narrativization (giving narrative form to a discourse) is to facilitate a better understanding of the represented phenomena.28 For White, it is a manipulation of the reader with ulterior motivesthe reader is always in need of coherence, reassured by a causal chain. A critical, transdisciplinary theory should submit to both logical and empirical trialon a large number of varied samplesand narrative analyses that would take into account the following concepts used to forge methodological tools: discrimination (between the functions of discourse genres and between pragmatic roles in literary communication); combination rules (whether linear or not); levels (as spatial placing, as interdependence and hierarchical authority); scale and spatiotemporal framing and backgrounding, especially the (dominant) time concepts in a particular cultural context. course in law schools. Some criticize it for being similar to Utilitarianism in as much as these two principles could permit or demand inequalities and suffering in order to benefit the least well off. Are there any alternatives to this quandary? The future remaining generally more hidden, less knowable than the past, grand predictive narratives (apocalyptic, millenarist, or on the contrary, eutopian, idealistic projections) are a privileged terrain for preferring the neatness of a narrative Gestalt to the incoherence produced by lawless chance. K. Ayyappa Paniker, Indian Narratology (New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts in association with Sterling Publishers, 2003), 17. WebNow VAT is like a sales tax to end users, but differs in that at each stage that an economic activity takes place a certain amount of tax is levied. Narrative, insofar as it leaves these options open, can serve literariness. But, curiously, the development of enunciative stylistics, the study of embedded and mosaic composition, metalepsis, overwriting, pastiche, parody, and metafiction did not significantly help to strengthen the non-porous, epistemic, and pragmatic border between narration and narrated. 76. The objects the imitator represents are actions, with agents who are necessarily either good men or bad.9 Action (praxis) or actions, human affairs (pragmata), are at the core of Aristotelian poetics. From its original reference point as a descriptor of the economics of the Chicago School or authors such as Friedrich von Hayek, neo-liberalism has become an all-purpose descriptor, explanatory device and basis for social critique. He called the toll regressive, even with its resident exemptions and discounts. The Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance may exclude some morally relevant information. Mysticism is not only a quest; it is fascinated by the absent presence of God or the beloved; it does not always lead to silence; it can manifest itself in repetition, verbosity, and verbiage that blur or even destroy any possible kind of narrativity. WebBoth primary and secondary data sources were used to gather adequate and relevant data so as to answer the research questions. It also includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts. Monika Fludernik, An Introduction to Narratology (New York: Routledge, 2009), 171182. That is the paradox.72 Handling this paradox is exactly what has made the modern Western novel since Cervantes possible. WebBoth primary and secondary data sources were used to gather adequate and relevant data so as to answer the research questions. Wikipedia Folk music, culinary, craft, and performing arts traditions are a part of the celebration. Pakistan\\'s Population Converges on Brazil\\'s - The Unz Review 29. Replies: @anonymous coward, @Anonymous. These reserves are difficult to locate. In each embodiment of a preformed story there must appear elements that are at variance with this original story; the tension between portrait and change, between different or even antagonistic spatiotemporal coordinates, opens the playing field of possibilities that is constitutive of literariness, even for Aristotle. Symmetrically, in times of great plague, millennial fears, or disruptive sociopolitical changes, narrative literature will need to develop reassuring tales of ordinariness. At the level of elementary units (sentences or even simple clauses), the presence or absence of a predicate of change is certainly decisive. Lyric, argumentative discourse, critical commentaries, the questioning, speculative discourse of the essay can be implicitly or explicitly motivated by a subjacent or projected narrative; they can be interspersed with narrative utterances and even sequences without conveying any properly narrative meaning by themselves. Assisted care living facilities are often run by for-profit companies that shamelessly exploit workers and cut corners in caring for the elderly. Gandhiji was a thinker, writer, public intellectual, political activist, political theorist and, above all, a philosopher who invented a new philosophical way of life. Figure 2. If we understand fictionality as polyreference to two or more universes characterized by incompatible features, such as sacred and profane, real and imaginary, virtual and actual, or concrete and conceptual, etc., panfictionality theory does not run against the ethical Auschwitz test.35 It is not liable to accusations of negationism, as Lavocat is prone to hint.36 Nevertheless, we have to accept that, where narrative is concerned, the principle of panfictionality generates the risk of substituting pseudo-cognitive events to material events, the story of the discovery of a hidden truth to the story of what happened or probably happened. Literary narrative intelligence remains the best safeguard against the so-called narrative paradigm that posits an all-embracing maxim where narrative is any verbal and nonverbal interpretation arranged logically to generate a meaning.78 Literary intelligence teaches us that narrative, as it plays with what was not but now is and with what now is but may not be later, is as much a device used to dissimulate an unchanging nature of things as it helps come to terms with an ever-changing world, enjoying the benefits of emotional education in the process. Labour Law Notes: BA LLB Hons - The Justice Mirror Rejecting the hegemony of any one locally anchored notion of narrative does not amount to a dangerous first step toward radical cultural relativism, but to recognizing a systemic variety of contrastive processes by which narrative communication operates as a factor of negotiationidentity and consent, differentiation and dissent. These can be categorized as private consumption expenditure, private investment, public consumption, public investment etc. (PDF) Basic Economic Principles: The short guide Elaborate. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a countrys borders in a specific time period. The festival is the sole source of earnings across the year for many families. WebI buy a lot of music from Bandcamp, but I rarely if ever download it: I rely on streaming it from the Bandcamp website, or mobile App.The prepper/archivist/hoarder in me is a little uncomfortable about that. This aesthetic judgment bears specifically on literary narratives as narratives. Narrative WebNeo-liberalism has become one of the boom concepts of our time. Rules for Life An Antidote to Chaos.pdf Difference principle: It justifies only those social and economic inequalities that maximize benefits to the least advantaged citizens. Second, but more important, if non-human events such as meteors, geological, astronomical, physical events at large, or the life events of animals and plants are not valid objects of representation by literary language (unless they serve as metaphors of human actions, as in some parallels and allegories), a radical dichotomy is maintained between human nature and culture, on one side, and nature (what there is or what might be without mankind or discounting mans action on it) on the other; we could even wonder whether this severance of man from the rest of the universe is not constitutive of the tragic condition that motivates for Aristotle the highest form or genre of poetry. Catharsis would serve as the fantasized healing of the repressed but active subconscious separation. If we are to talk of literature at all, were it to accept or rejoice that it is no more, it is nevertheless a logical necessity to either describe what was literature or define what it could be in a differently configured world. Although story-logic adepts38 minimalize their role in the construction of narrative meaning or experientiality and sometimes risk confusing narrational speech events with change in the presented world,39 eventsi.e., the manifestation and perception of changeare unanimously held to be the nucleus of narrative discourse, as maintained by Genette.40 Reis also comes to this conclusion in his commentary of Van Dijk.41 No narrative is ever self-contained; it neither can nor has to represent a temporal whole: a closed temporal whole would cut off the temporal continuum that is the possibility condition of events. In the worlds of Carvers short stories, very little happens; what is expected to happen according to the conventions of tragedy, romance, or drama fails to happen, and what does happen is reduced to triviality since it eventually does not achieve the status of story point. As a philosopher, he undoubtedly deserves to be ranked alongside the Buddha and Socrates. It does not allow for the health of children, the quality of their education or the strength of marriages; neither wisdom nor learning; neither compassion nor devotion to country which makes life worthwhile. Narrative WebThe emancipatory case study or tale of a city and its inhabitants is situated within a romantic paradigm. Conversely, ironic uses of the disnarrated, denial, and absurd maxims can build the figure of an all-powerful, manipulative author that may draw the receivers attention to the unconfessed manipulation carried out by whatever apparently clean narrativization of any represented world. India has made impressive progress towards clean energy. PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION The various incomes that includes in these methods are wages, income of self employed, interest, profit, dividend, rents, and surplus of public sector and net flow of income from abroad. course in law schools. Third, the confusion of event with (human) action limits the scope of narrative discourse to its transactive level (A acts on B, there is an agent and a patient), making strangely irrelevant to poetry/literature those events and processes that involve only one (human) entity without any necessary and knowable action on its part, such as being born, growing, falling in love, becoming sick, old or stupid, and dying. The question of whether and why the earth is warming is a Jos ngel Garca Landa, Narrating Narrating: Twisting the Twice-Told Tale, in Theorizing Narrativity, eds. inverse. Next, write about the alternatives to GDP to overcome the above limitations Gross National Income (GNI), Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) etc. Ansgar Nnning, Mimesis des Erzhlens: Prolegomena zu einer Wirkungssthetik, Typologie und Funktiongeschichre des Akts des Erzhlens und der Metanarration, in Erzhlen und Erzhlentheorie in 20 Jahehundert: Festschrift fr Wilhelm Fger, ed. Overall, the policy of increasing the role of gas is commendable, as it results in health benefits (when substituting for traditional biomass for cooking) and decreased greenhouse gas emissions (when substituting for coal in power generation). Cite examples to substantiate. There is added enthusiasm in the celebration of Kolkatas Durga Puja after its inclusion as the 14th entry from India in UNESCOs Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity last December. In other words, the total amount of income accruing to a country from economic activities in a years time is known as national income. Dissident narrative aesthetics follows many different strategies of estrangement, disturbance, and renewal: foregrounding banality or accident, blurring the ontological statutory difference between objects and events, minimalism, maximalism, self-reflexivity, abstraction, fragmentation, rejection of the principle of non-contradiction, open choice between universes of reference, straining distortion or cutting up of linear time, warped frames, relative or irreversible spaces, etc. If we can agree on the common transcultural intuition that literature is another name for verbal art, we will also readily accept that many and indeed most other channels of communication, expression, and information can and do tell stories, or at least contain fragments of narrative discourse. The mimesis of human actions is for Aristotle at once the shared and the sole determinant feature and primary purpose of all the arts, considered themselves at all levels as makings of, practicing a technique to pursue a goal. From Homer to James Joyce and beyond, the contours of literary narrative cannot be drawn by story fetishism. Franoise Revaz, Introduction la narratologie: Action et Narration (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: De Boeck/Duculot, 2009). To write about national income, its importance and methods to compute it. The relationship between the tax and taxable income is characteristics of a perfect competition. If, for instance, a certain approach helps us to make more sense of complex, borderline generic formations such as the lyrical novel, the prose poem, personal and literary diaries or notebooks, the anecdote, the Hadiths or the Upanishads, if it contributes to enhancing our enjoyment of literary and non-literary expressions alike, bringing enough genres under one roof while maintaining and justifying their functional specificities, we will deem it, for now, appropriate to literary studies and reader education. Photo credit: Yale University Art Gallery. This page contains Labour Law Notes of the 5 Year BALLB Hons. 20. Beside its somber and hesitant eroticism, beside the absence of warm colors and the shocking encounter of dominant verticality with the narrow horizontality of the sea horizon, and other formal and symbolic features that generate a whole set of emotionssadness, admiration, fear, and compassionin the beholder, the situation depicted is one that cannot last forever in human time, and it cannot have frozen a long time ago. Conclude the answer by giving a balanced opinion. Literature must not be equated with the sum of supposedly literary genres any more than narrative with the sum of genres conventionally labelled narrative in any one cultural context. US Election 2022 Midterm | Catholic Conscience National Income is the total value of all final goods and services produced by the country in certain year. Their collaboration consists not only in playing their respective nominal roles (the author writes, the reader reads) but in trying out or impersonating all the other roles: the author reads, the teller listens, the reader writes, etc. Wolf Schmid, Narratology: An Introduction, trans. In Greek- and Latin-dominant poeticsmore Aristotelian than Platonicand their afterlife, poetry or poesie would cover the artful verbal (written and oral) imitation of human action in the two large genres (drama and epic) acknowledged by Aristotle, with the necessary addition of the lyric, not considered extensively in Aristotles Poetics. But a story can never be transmitted whole and intact by the narrative act, or the narrator would be reduced to the status of a robotic tape recorder. We have to question it in the specific terms of What is happening?What happened?What will happen next?How will it end? This figure therefore constitutes what we could call a narrative prompter. It is a readerly way of seeing what Amy Golahny already noted about Rubenss innovations: Rubens enhanced the dramatic content of his literary and pictorial sourcesachieving a marked synthesis of action and expressivenessby juxtaposing the two deaths and by giving such prominence to the nereids.26. 17. 67. Some of the newer post-structural research enriched the bases provided by formalist-structuralist theories, corrected their rigidities and blunders, brought enlightening inflections. Ren Audet, Narrativity: Away from Story, Close to Eventness, in Narrativity: How Visual Arts, Cinema and Literature are Telling the World Today, eds. 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