Ensures the child's eligibility for health benefits from both parents. Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers. ), Rand, C., Graham, D. L. R., & Rawlings, E. I. However, the existing data are still limited, and any conclusions must be seen as tentative. Falk, P. J. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951. ), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. All rights reserved.). News A growing number of men and women have also had children after assuming lesbian or gay identities. Politics, world news, photos, video, tech reviews, health, science and entertainment news. Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Summary of Research Findings. (1975). All rights reserved.). Thirty-four men and women (ages 18 to 28) with a homosexual or bisexual parent were interviewed extensively about their experiences growing up in their families, learning of their parents' sexuality, and developing their own social relationships. Galluccio, J., Galluccio, M., & Groff, D. M. (2002). (PsycINFO Database Record. This study explored the effect of mothers' sexual orientation on three areas of development in children of latency age: self-concept, locus of control orientation, and self and familial views. All rights reserved. This summary consists of four sections. My perspective is that psychiatric diagnosis is legitimate, but its application to homosexuality is erroneous and invalid because there is no empirical justification for it. For some outcomes, methodologically sophisticated studies yielded weaker effect sizes than did other studies. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 220-227. The American Psychological Association Council of Representatives adopted the following position statement in September 1976: The sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation of natural or prospective adoptive or foster parents should not be the sole or primary variable considered in custody or placement cases. In F. W. Bozett & M. B. Sussman (Eds. Journal of Homosexuality, 32, 19-35. Statement on marriage and family from the American Anthropological Association. Families of the lesbian baby boom: Parents' division of labor and children's adjustment. Clinicians are advised to be aware of their own biases within the current cultural matrix. Getting Simon: Two gay doctors' journey to fatherhood. All rights reserved. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. (Reprinted with permission of Kenneth B. Morgen. Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Conducted a comparative study between 1977 and 1981 of both lesbian and heterosexual mothers, focusing on the different kinds of support systems that they employ to meet both emotional and material needs for themselves and their children. Parents who were experiencing higher levels of parenting stress, higher levels of interparental conflict, and lower levels of love for each other had children who exhibited more behavior problems. Lewis, K. G. (1980). ), Gershon, T. D., Tschann, J. M., & Jemerin, J. M. (1999). Journal of Lesbian Studies, 2, 49-68. S&P 500 Exhibits FOMC Anticipation So Lets Discuss the Scenario Table. Too high a price: The case against restricting gay parenting. Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Patterson, C. J., Fulcher, M., & Wainright, J. Lesbian mothers had more congenial relations with ex-spouses and included men more regularly in their children's lives. They used the Pre-School Activities Inventory (Golombok & Rust, 1993), a maternal report questionnaire designed to identify "masculine" and "feminine" behavior among boys and girls within unselected samples of schoolchildren. Interviews with mothers of toddlers. Results are also presented for lesbians and bisexual women of each ethnic/racial and age group. We especially thank Clinton Anderson, Director, Office on Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, who worked diligently with committee members and staff to move this manuscript toward publication. Barret, R. L., & Robinson, B. E. (1990). Interviews with the 10-year-old children. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! , 2. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. (2000). Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 281-299. ), Steckel, A. Some subjects noted that a sector of the lesbian community itself was unsupportive of lesbian motherhood. The rights of lesbian and gay Parents and their children. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. Unlike research that makes a contribution to science, his key findings and conclusions have rarely been cited by subsequent scientific studies published in peer-reviewed journals as informing their scientific inquiry. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. In addition, the publication was also targeted for lawyers and parties in parental rights cases involving lesbian parents, as the information provided could assist them in being better informed about the potential role of psychological research or psychological witnesses in their cases. Although some children have described encounters with anti-gay remarks from peers (Gartrell et al., 2005), young adult offspring of divorced lesbian mothers did not recall being the targets of any more childhood teasing or victimization than did the offspring of divorced heterosexual mothers (Tasker & Golombok, 1995, 1997). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology. Huggins, S. L. (1989). Lewis (1980) suggested that children would benefit from support groups consisting of children of lesbian or gay parents, and young people interviewed by O'Connell (1993) agreed. Hand, S. I. My stepfather is a she. The roller-coaster of a ride as they meet a variety of women of varying degrees of mental health, pregnancy and honesty, makes Getting Simon-in the words of one critic-"a page turner." Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 20, 105-122. . Lesbian and Gay Rights Project (ACLU) All rights reserved.). Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Patterson, C. J. Such groups exist, but systematic evaluations of them have not been reported. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Yet the issue is on both judicial and legislative radar, playing out most frequently in the context of the relationship between marriage and adoption. (PsycINFO Database Record. (From the cover) In recent decades gay men and lesbians have increasingly portrayed themselves as people who seek not only to maintain ties with blood and adoptive relatives but also to establish families of their own. strategies family members use to define and cope with oppression, how sexism is transmitted within the family and how mothering may limit and/or contribute to female liberation, and. The role of co-mothers in planned lesbian-led families. Female children were victimized nearly twice as often as male children. Separation-individuation in children of lesbian and heterosexual couples. Legislation seeking to restrict foster care and adoption by gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender people should be vigorously opposed. (1995a). Differences in subjects' ratings indicated that a boy raised by gay fathers was perceived to be experiencing greater confusion regarding his sexual orientation and gender identity. Relationship satisfaction was assessed using a single question on relationship satisfaction and Spanier's 32-item Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). (1995a). Taken together, the data do not suggest elevated rates of homosexuality among the offspring of lesbian or gay parents. Yet most research in psychology concludes that there are no differences in developmental outcomes between children raised by lesbigay parents and those raised by heterosexual parents. (2002). Family Coordinator, 28, 544-552. Human Reproduction, 10, 2216-2224. As a parent, you have rights. Cultural heterosexism and the family. Gay fathers tend to be discreet regarding the overt expression of their homosexuality in order to protect their children from other people's hostility. The National Lesbian Family Study: 2. Their marriage and family orientation reflected a traditional attitude toward family life and served to protect against societal rejection. Money, myths, and change: The economic lives of lesbians and gay men. In addition, coping skills moderated the effect of stigma on SE in three SE areas (self-worth, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct). Custody can be used by ex-spouses to adjust property settlements. There was some indication in interviews with children themselves that the offspring of lesbian mothers had less sex-typed preferences for activities at school and in their neighborhoods than did children of heterosexual mothers. Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund Psychological tests in homosexuality. New York: Links Books. San Francisco: Cleis Press. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson, (Eds. When CLGBC and CWP decided to revise and update the publication in 1993, they invited CYF to participate in the development of the new edition. Results also show that the prospective children are highly desired and thoughtfully conceived. The research reveals lesbian parents and their children to be healthy, secure, and quite effective in negotiating the many challenges that accompany their stigmatized and minority status. 23-38). Subjects tended to rate an "ideal" child in the same manner in which they rated themselves. Issues addressed include coming out, the similarities and differences between LAG couples and heterosexual couples in their relationships and in parenting, and the problems that LAG family members experience within their heterosexual families. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33. At the most basic level, Love Makes a Family combats homophobia by breaking silence and making the invisible visible. This study compared the networks of extended family and friendship relationships of children conceived via donor insemination with lesbian versus heterosexual parents. 25-26); Nearly all indicators of the children's functioning were based on subjective reports by teachers, who, as noted repeatedly by the author, may have been biased (see pp. Lesbian and gay relationships. Love Makes a Family is a museum-quality traveling exhibit that includes photographs and interviews with families that have lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) members. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. In F. W. Bozett, (Ed. (PsycINFO Database Record. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Satisfaction was most significantly correlated with low need for autonomy, identification of sense of self as "partner," perception of parents' past relationship as positive, egalitarian distribution of and satisfaction with role arrangement, effective communication skills, expectation of being together in 20 years, equal commitment, satisfying sexual relationship, and use of an unknown donor. All rights reserved. New York: St. Martins Press. Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, I wish particularly to thank Clinton Anderson for his invaluable assistance with the current version as well as with earlier versions of this manuscript. 155-176). Summary Neither group revealed more psychopathology or difficulties in separation-individuation than the other group. Although the lesbian baby boom had been going on for some years prior to the Morgen-Westrick's experiences, family building for gay male couples at the time this book was written was a fairly new idea. All rights reserved. Developmental and contextual factors that influence gay fathers' parental competence: A review of the literature. Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association. . Despite this history of discrimination, however, lesbians and gay men continue to form families, and many either are or wish to become parents. All rights reserved.). (2004). Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons. 233-248). Lesbian couples are confronted by an environment that disavows their unions, challenges their right and fitness to parent, and denies them basic civil and legal protections to individual and family security. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. (1994b). Fear of loss of custody was a persistent theme for lesbian mothers and was the only major difference between the groups. to see whether the parents' homosexuality created special problems or benefits or both, for their children. Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T. J. Bigner, J. J., & Jacobsen, R. B. Liberal Democrat Voice (2002). Puryear, D. (1983). (Reprinted with permission of National Council on Family Relations. 1 A study from Australia (Sarantakos, 1996) has been cited as demonstrating deficits among children raised by gay and lesbian parents in Australia compared to children raised by heterosexual couples. The research describes characteristics of lesbian families and challenges faced by these families in the context of heterosexist and homophobic societal attitudes. ), Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., & Patterson, C. J. The North American Council on Adoptable Children issued a policy statement in 1998 (amended April 14, 2002) that states: Children should not be denied a permanent family because of the sexual orientation of potential parents. Families of the lesbian baby boom: Maternal mental health and child adjustment. The TAT and MAPS protocols of the homosexuals could be distinguished far better than chance since nearly all the homosexual subjects gave at least one homosexual story. All rights reserved. Developmental Psychology, 31, 124-129. American Psychologist, 44, 941-947. Four issues frequently raised in custody cases are discussed: Do gay fathers have children to cover their homosexuality, do they molest their children, do their children turn out to be gay in disproportionate numbers, and does having a gay father expose a child to homophobic harassment. All rights reserved.). In another study, Bailey and his colleagues (1995) studied adult sons of gay fathers and found more than 90% of the sons to be heterosexual. HMS subjects tended to be more strict and more responsive to children's needs and provided reasons for appropriate behavior to children more consistently than HTS subjects. Steckel, A. Overall, the belief that children of lesbian and gay parents suffer deficits in personal development has no empirical foundation. (1984). Research on peer relations among children of lesbian mothers has been reported by Golombok and her colleagues (1983, 1997), by Green and his colleagues (1978, 1986), and by Patterson (1994a). In G. M. Herek (Ed. All but one subject reported that their children accepted them as homosexuals. Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-370. Limerence is not a widely known concept. Sarantakos, S. (1996). ), Kweskin, S. L., & Cook, A. S. (1982). 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