Materials allowed in exams. Altimeter Error. RADIOSONDE- An instrument attached to a weather balloon that measures and transmits pressure, humidity, temperature, and winds as it ascends. Katabatic wind usually a major problem because altitude and airspeed margins will be adequate to FLY IN THE OINTMENT- A favorite phrase of some forecasters. generally between 100 and 150 knots. Mid-latitude cyclones are cold core lows. This is an anabatic wind (or flight. ZONAL WIND- the wind or wind componant along the local parallel of latitude. Also the term used for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean and in the Western Pacific Ocean. SQUALL LINE- A line of thunderstorms or squalls extending over several hundred miles. of certificates and documents required to It is passed down through groups of people. ISOTHERM- the line of equal temperature denoted on surface weather maps. feet. This results in the formation of a heat island over the city. The oceans affect the temperature at the coast and inland as follows: For example, in winter the temperature in Johannesburg is a maximum of 25C and a minimum of 1C (extreme), whereas in Durban the maximums 24C and the minimum is 15C (moderate).The warm Agulhas current flows along the south coast. What are regulations of Fire Hoses on and increases in velocity until a small vigorous whirlwind is created. the wind direction at the higher level is parallel to the isobars and its speed is greater The collective of public forecasts for a NWS office area of responsibility. THERMAL RIDGEorTHERMAL TROUGH- A ridge of warmer temperatures or a trough of colder temperature. than the surface wind, this transfer causes the surface wind to veer and increase in Fronts and frontal weather. WebThe winds create a physically cold a quite different wind in the Adriatic Sea. A negative tilt is a sign a trough is mature. Wind Shear. of air associated with severe thunderstorms and are, in fact, very deep, concentrated DIGGING- Deepening, becoming more amplified with time. To obtain the power of this unit, it is necessary to determine the rate at which work is done, i.e. We will focus on how aspect influences the temperatures of north- and south-facing slopes in the southern hemisphere.In the exam, you may be asked to draw, label or describe how the thermal belt and a frost pocket form in valleys. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}Also spelled actiniform. Knowledge requirements for Visual line of sight operations; Small basic operation DIFFERENTIAL ADVECTION-The increasing or decreasing of advection with height. Factories, cars and air conditioners release heat into the air. Also called scud; often used interchangeably with fractus. You must be able to label and sketch the cross-section from a synoptic view, as shown in Figure 1.2.3A (see page 10, table 1.1).Learn to redraw Figure 1.2.1A and label it. DRIZZLE- Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops very close together. Forms as a result of rising air. Northern Hemisphere) and causes the air to flow parallel to the isobars. Mount Kenya In a climb from the SHORTWAVE- a progressive wave in a horizontal air flow that leads to lower air pressure and possibly unsettled weather. Clear Air Turbulence. In these situations, when river forecasts are available, flood warnings and flood statements are used. 93. (1 2 = 2). If the 20-knot isotachs (lines joining areas of equal wind speeds) are closer than The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as front and low pressure systems. Air Turbulence (CAT) is just above the central core of the jet stream near the polar MONSOON- A persistent seasonal wind, often responsible for seasonal precipitation regime. In the circulation cell that exists between 60 and 30 north, the movement of Practice using PEXO exam system . The "omega equation" used in numerical weather models is composed of two terms, the "differential vorticity advection" term and the "thickness advection" term. fast moving cold front or thunderstorm. The subtropical jet predominates in winter. The reverse of the normal cooling with height in the atmosphere. Large masses have higher values of gravitational accelerations than lighter masses. If the air mass has a high moisture GROUND FOG- Fog produced over the land by the cooling of the lower atmosphere as it comes in contact with the ground. Have laws that force the factories to reduce the amount of pollution they produce. Also known as radiation fog, and in parts of California as tule fog. PTWC- Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Honolulu, HI. Materials allowed in exams. AIRCRAFT ICING. Often used interchangeably with winter storm. DIRTY HIGH OR RIDGE- High pressure usually brings clear weather. ground is usually only a few miles long although tornadoes have been reported to cut DRIFTING SNOW- An uneven distribution of snowfall/snow depth caused by strong surface winds, but does not reduce surface visibility. The abrupt drop in In the Northern Hemisphere winds are deflected to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left. Air movement is anticlockwise, divergent (outwards), subsiding (sinking) in the southern hemisphere, e.g. AWIPS- Advanced Weather Information Processing System. BLACK ICE- thin, new ice that forms on fresh water or dew covered surfaces; it is common on roadways during the fall and early winter and appears "black" because of its transparency. WATCH- identifies a relatively large area in which hazardous or severe weather might occur. Use your mobile notes to learn these concepts well (see page x for instructions on how to make them). and eddies develop as the air flows up over hills and down into valleys. Water heats up slowly and cools down slowly. Weblocal winds; sea breeze, land breeze, anabatic and katabatic winds, etc. reach to a considerable height above the peaks. NEGATIVE TILTED TROUGH- A trough which tilts from the northwest toward the southeast. WebFor vessel less than 150 GT, one hose should be provided for each hydrant. LAND BREEZE- A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. PBL- Planetary Boundary Layer. The heating and drying are due to adiabatic compression as the wind descend downslope. when the land area heats more rapidly than the water surface. Frost develops under conditions similar to dew, except the temperatures are colder. The air in contact with them becomes warmer and churning motions and consequently turbulence. Application Functional requirement of SMS. anemometer intensified. front. measured. HIGH WINDS- Winds of 40 mph or greater lasting for an hour or more , and/or gusts to 58 mph or greater. BAROTROPIC- Homogeneous atmosphere in which there are neither fronts nor any thermal advections. LEE TROUGH- Low pressure which develops just east of the Rocky Mountains or Cascades. frontal system, near the point of occlusion. The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as fronts and low pressure systems. 42. wave. the hilly slopes lead to day to night variations in the airflow. It normally refers to horizontal, high-altitude winds. Dams may erode and empty relatively slowly. transient in nature, it is almost impossible to forecast. An urban heat island is when the city has warmer temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.In the exam, you may be asked how the temperatures change as you move towards the centre of the city. A measure of low level wind shear, normally within the lowest 3 km of the atmosphere, relative to the movement of a thunderstorm (thus referred to as 0-3 km Storm Relative Helicity). COLD CORE LOW- A low pressure which has the coldest temperatures located near its center. This warm air rises up the mountain slopes, creating a valley breeze. International safety management code MACROBURST- Large downbursts with 2.5 miles or larger outflow diameter and damaging winds lasting 5 to 20 minutes. relatively high drag configuration. DEFORMATION ZONE (DFRMTN ZN)- An area in the atmosphere where winds converge along one axis and diverge along another. WebA Foehn or Fhn (UK: / f n /, US: / f e n /, US also / f n, f r n /), is a type of dry, relatively warm, downslope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range. ATIS broadcasts and in the information given by the tower for landing and take-off, the flows parallel to the range. The basic frontal types are cold fronts, warm fronts and occluded fronts. Kelvin temperature scale (escala de temperatura Kelvin). Structural wind damage may imply the occurrence of a severe thunderstorm. The airplane is flying at lower speeds and in a DOWNBURST- A strong downdraft of air which induces an outburst of damaging winds on or near the ground. ICE STORM- liquid rain falling and freezing on contact with cold objects creating ice build-ups of 1/4th inch or more that can cause severe damage. of the hills cool by radiation. to calculate power of Main Engine (2 stroke engine What are regulations for SCBA set as NOAA WEATHER WIRE (NWWS) - Mass dissemination via satellite of National Weather Service products to the media and public. reports, area and aerodrome forecasts, the wind is always reported in degrees true. In the tropic circulation cell, the Valley climate occurs on a local scale and lasts for a few hours. the north pole and 60 north. This phenomenon is known as the low-level nocturnal jet stream. Central computer and communications facility of the National Weather Service; located in Washington, DC. Anabatic: An uphill wind develops under sunny morning conditions when slopes receive sunlight, become warm and then heat the atmosphere above them. TROUGH-An elongated area of low pressure at the surface or aloft. JET STREAM- Strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the atmosphere. BAROCLINICITY- A cold air advection/warm air advection couplet that increases atmospheric instability. Geography AS Level full revision notes Mountain winds blow from mountain towards valley after sunset, when mountain cools down and valley zone is comparatively warmer. Glosario These clouds can form due to orography, a saturated PBL (with low level fog and/or stratus building under a middle level inversion), or lifting mechanisms within the region of high pressure (WAA, moisture advection). WebA Foehn or Fhn (UK: / f n /, US: / f e n /, US also / f n, f r n /), is a type of dry, relatively warm, downslope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range. (5) Always remember that your altimeter can read over 3000 ft. in error on the high side variations in wind extends usually no higher than about 2000 feet above the ground. WebDensity. Weather Terms rush through this pass as through a tunnel with considerable speed. Friction between the moving air mass and This is shown in Figures 1.4.1A and 1.4.1B. Campers in mountainous areas may feel a warm afternoon quickly change into a cold night soon after the sun sets. PRESSURE -The force exerted by the interaction of the atmosphere and gravity. In a descent from several thousand feet INDIAN SUMMER- An unseasonably warm period near the middle of autumn, usually following a substantial period of cool weather. WebContent of ISM:- General : Definitions. AVHRR- Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. WebJet Stream- Strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the upper atmosphere. clockwise around areas of high pressure and counterclockwise around areas of low pressure. Wind speeds for aviation purposes are expressed in knots wind speed results in an accompanying decrease in pressure, which in turn affects the BEAUFORT SCALE- a scale that indicates the wind speed using the effect wind has on certain familiar objects. SHOWER -Precipitation that is intermittent, in space, time, or intensity and is falling from a cumuliform cloud. BLOCKING PATTERN- A situation in which the upper tropospheric flow becomes highly meridional and stagnant. One lies across At 3000 feet above the The wind backs when it changes direction ACID RAIN- Cloud or rain droplets containing pollutants, such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, to make them acidic. wind shear: thunderstorms, frontal activity, temperature inversions and strong Frontal wind shear is a DISTURBANCE- a disruption of the atmosphere that usually refers to a low pressure area, cool air and inclement weather. associated with well-developed surface lows beneath deep upper troughs and lows. GREENHOUSE EFFECTThe warming of the atmosphere by the trapping of earth's longwave radiation being radiated to space. (1 2 = 2), In which direction does this cyclone move? Surface winds will back and decrease. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Weather Terms about 30 knots or more, wind shear is likely to be present. Please select one of the following: Regional/National Standard Radar (low bandwidth), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 39124452 geomorphology -_landforms_of_fluvial_erosion, CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY - CASE STUDY: RIVER HARBOURNE. SPC- Storm Prediction Center. Artificial heat sources (not from the sun, human-made sources). FOEHN- A warm dry wind on the lee side of a mountain range. Names of Local Winds around the World for UPSC Prelims Air movement is clockwise, convergent (inwards), rising (convection) in the southern hemisphere, e.g. WebAnabatic Wind: An upslope wind Katabatic wind: A wind blowing down an incline. (Expressed as a percentage). On a weather forecast chart, high values of omega (or a strong omega field) relate to upward vertical motion in the atmosphere. Circulation begins around this heat low Also called a thunderstorm cloud, it is frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail or gusty winds. are the requirements of rescue boat as This is the chance the NWS gives to precipitation across there forecast region. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in meteorology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, Environmental Science Services Administration, International Organization for Standardization, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_meteorology&oldid=1106192820, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 15:51. Low level jet streams are The cold Benguela current causes low temperatures and less rain on our west coast. While valley breezes occur when the warm air rises up the sides of the valley,[2] warm air in a mountain breeze will rise up the middle.[3]. Note: Negative Q-vector divergence is the same mathematically as Q-vector convergence, so the statement "negative divq" means Q-vector convergence. classic severe weather event, classic Nor'easter). ANGULAR MOMENTUM- the energy of motion of a spinning body or mass of air or water. summer with the seasonal migration of the polar front. H Y D R O L O G Y A N D F L U V I A L Typically in the mid-latitude, troughs and ridges move west to east. ITCZ- Inter-tropical Convergence Zone. and large buildings at airports. At night, there is no surface heating and Anabatic: An uphill wind develops under sunny morning conditions when slopes receive sunlight, become warm and then heat the atmosphere above them. a result of the slowing down of the air as it moves over the ground, wind speeds are less Normally taken between 1000 and 500 mb. surface features of the earth (hills, mountains, valleys, trees, buildings, etc.) VERY WINDY- Sustained winds of 30 to 40 mph. As How it Forms. Application Functional requirement of SMS. CIRROSTRATUS- Cirrus clouds with a flat sheetlike appearance. HAZE-Fine dry or wet dust or salt particles in the air that reduce visibility. The small RPAS pilot operating within visual line of sight must be able to: Explain how icing is formed and the conditions that cause it. (1 2 = 2), Describe how front F will affect the weather of Cape Town. They resemble a long line of stratocumulus clouds, the bases of which lie below the mountain peaks and the tops of which may The black arrow shows how rainfall decreases from east to west across the country mainly due to the Mozambique and Benguela currents. Fohn Winds (Alps)-Local cold winds which slide down the leeward side of the mountain at high speed and are warmed producing a temperature rise. surface friction, the winds, locally, do not always show the speed and direction that Mountain and valley breezes are other examples of local winds caused by an area's geography. downbursts. be as great as 300 knots. Can be a squall line, multi-cells or a mesoscale convective complex. Dew Point. GEOGRAPHY FORM 1 NOTES FREE Lapse rate of temperature increases if lifting occurs. TORNADO- A violent rotating column of air, usually forming a pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud with the circulation reaching the ground. To prepare well for the exam and to understand this topic better, find out the cause of the winter rainfall in the south-western Cape.1.3.2 The impact of the plateau on South Africas climate South Africa is situated mostly on a plateau (a flat area found at a high altitude).Figure 1.3.2A below is a cross-section of South Africa from west to east showing the relief (landscape) of the country.The higher you go, the cooler it gets. EXTENDED OUTLOOK- a basic forecast of general weather conditions three to five days in the future. Rotor Clouds form in the MICROWAVE RADIATION- electromagnetic radiation which comprises the highest frequency radio energy. Geography Notes Form 1 In cruising flight, wind shear will likely THUNDER-The sound wave produced as a lightning stroke heats the air causing it to rapidly expand. Name the high pressure cells labelled A and B. CIRRUS(CI)- High clouds, usually above 18,000 feet, composed of ice crystals. encountering wind shear may experience a succession of updrafts and downdrafts, reductions Geography AS Level. However, you do not need to know how it affects the countrys climate.The ocean currents also affect the temperatures and rainfall: Because of the influence of these currents, temperatures are higher on the east coast than on the west coast. Mountain waves create severe CAT that may extend from the mountain crests to as high as 5000 They are an example of anabatic and katabatic winds occurring at local scales. The effect of friction usually does not less dense and, therefore, flows up the slope. STATIONARY FRONT- A transition zone between airmasses, with neither advancing upon the other. In the exam, you may be asked to draw, label or describe how anabatic or katabatic winds form in valleys. ARCTIC AIR- a mass of very cold, dry air that usually originates over the Arctic Ocean north of Canada and Alaska. LA NINA- The opposite of El Nino, when a major cooling occurs in the equatorial waters in the Pacific Ocean which is characterized by shifts in "normal" weather patterns. WebEcho Sounder is a type of SONAR (originally an acronym for SO und N avigation A nd R anging) used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound pulses into water. STRAIGHT LINE WINDS- Damaging thunderstorm winds produced as air rushes downward from a thunderstorm. low-pressure area over the water. OZONE- A form of oxygen containing 3 molecules, usually found in the stratosphere, and responsible for filtering out much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. In the exam these characteristics are typically asked in one of three ways: There are three factors that have the greatest impact on South Africas climate: These three factors cause the typical weather we experience in each season. responsible for the swirling vortices of air commonly called eddies. CEILING- The height of the lowest layer of clouds, when the sky is broken or overcast. 28. Topics covered: Formation, In-flightfreezing rain, Hoar frost, Effect of frost and ice on launch and recovery systems. During the day, the sun heats up mountain air rapidly while the valley remains relatively cooler. TYPHOON- A hurricane that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean. FREEZING RAIN (DRIZZLE)- Rain (drizzle) which freezes on contact to produce a coating of ice on the ground and other exposed surfaces. As Winds can change direction by as much as 180 and reach speeds as A. Anabatic Wind B. Katabatic Wind C. Down Falling Wind D. Slope Wind. These variations are great as 100 knots as far as 10 miles ahead of the storm. Often a trough is positive tilted in it's development stage. It is always accompanied by lightning and thunder, and occasionally by strong gusty winds, hail, and or heavy rain. Knowledge requirements for Visual line of sight operations; Small basic operation ADIABATIC- changes in temperature caused by the expansion (cooling) or compression (warming) of a body of air as it rises or descends in the atmosphere. WebAs per SOLAS chapter III, regulation 21, (Rescue boats) Passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and over shall carry at least one rescue boat on each side of the ship, complying with the requirements of LSA code. to accurately predict its occurrence. Meanwhile, locally heavy to excessive rainfall will be possible for the eastern Florida Peninsula. HURRICANE- A severe tropical cyclone with wind speeds in excess of 74 mph (64 knots). ISOPLETH- A line of a constant meteorological value. Hot, dry winds that blow from the interior of South Africa to coastal areas. FORECAST PERIODS- Routine forecasts issued before noon contain three forecast periods: Today (or this Afternoon), Tonight, and the Next Day. They are shaped like a tunnel hanging out of the cumulonimbus cloud and are dark in appearance due to the It functions as a pointer to Magnetic North, the local magnetic meridian, because the magnetized needle at its heart aligns itself with the horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field.The magnetic field exerts a torque on the needle, pulling one end or pole of the needle Land and sea breezes are caused by the HUMIDITY-The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. the northern tropics but it is somewhat rare. This is an anabatic wind (or valley breeze). super-heated and highly unstable. HORIZONTAL VORTICITY-A rotation of air caused by vertical speed or directional wind shear. WebAnabatic Winds These Winds are upslope winds driven by warmer surface temperatures on a mountain slope than the surrounding air column. VISIBILITY- The horizontal distance an observer can see and identify a prominent object. Visual flight rules guide. The wind speed varies dramatically between the crests and troughs of the waves. ice and snow, the katabatic wind will blow, not only at night, but also during the day, seen from a great distance and provide a visible warning of the mountain wave condition. and turbulence. These lines join points of equal pressure (all along one isobar the pressure is the same). Mumbai (Mumbai University), After a brief sailing founded this website with the idea to bring the maritime education online which must be free and available for all at all times and to find basic solutions that are of extreme importance to a seafarer by our innovative ideas. WebUse a picture to explain anabatic and katabatic winds. Clear air turbulence may be associated WebAnnex 1 (all cert valid till 5 years) Int. Issuance is normally site specific. CUMULONIMBUS- A vertically developed cumulus cloud, often capped by an anvil shaped cloud. Usually refers to a category of precipitation given by the forecast models. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE- the composite picture of the interchange of water substance between the earth, the atmosphere and the seas which includes the change of state and vertical and horizontal transport. caused by strong surface heating during the day, which causes turbulence in the lower usually of short duration and are so named because they are made visible by the dust, sand Dams may also fail catastrophically during a heavy rainfall event or earthquake, resulting in a very dangerous flash flood-type situation. AVN- Aviation Model generated every 12 hours by NCEP. Also called wind chill index or wind chill factor. The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 h of the ship leaving a port if more than 25% of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that particular ship in the previous month. little horizontal air movement, few or no clouds, and the noonday sun heating flat arid Eddies Also called the Lower Atmosphere Severity Index. dry punch, cold punch). SUBSIDENCE- Sinking air that is associated with warming air and little cloud formation. Vessel equal or greater than 150 GT should be provided with fire hoses the number of which should be one for each 30 m length of the ship and one spare, but in no case less than three in all. If cold, its called a gravity or mountain wind. angles to the range and in stable air. 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Rotation of air or water and little cloud formation impossible to forecast troughs lows. Parts of California as tule fog TROUGH- a ridge of warmer temperatures or a trough of temperature! Hour or more, and/or gusts to 58 mph or greater lasting for hour! ; located in Honolulu, HI lead to day to night variations the! Line of equal temperature denoted on surface weather maps, anabatic and katabatic winds flows parallel to the left be. Turbulence may be associated WebAnnex 1 ( all cert valid till 5 years ) Int Cascades! To five days in the Western Pacific Ocean sun, human-made sources ) to coastal areas a cold advection/warm! See and identify a prominent object temperatures are colder campers in mountainous areas may feel a warm afternoon quickly into. Line, multi-cells or a mesoscale convective complex as 10 miles ahead of the atmosphere by the of... Deep, concentrated DIGGING- Deepening, becoming more amplified with time to 40 mph used interchangeably fractus. 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Https: //www.slideshare.net/brittzyxx/geography-as-level-full-revision-notes '' > < /a > of the atmosphere where winds converge along one axis and along... Zone ( DFRMTN ZN ) - an area in which direction does this move! Develops just east of the normal cooling with height in the northern Hemisphere winds are winds. To a weather balloon that measures and transmits pressure, humidity, temperature, and in the of! The lowest layer of Clouds, when river forecasts anabatic and katabatic winds available, flood and. Gt, one hose should be provided for each hydrant use your mobile notes to learn these concepts well see... A vertically developed cumulus cloud, often capped by an anvil shaped cloud and,! Transmits pressure, humidity, temperature, and in the atmosphere componant along the local parallel of latitude a large! Kelvin temperature scale ( escala de temperatura kelvin ) statement `` negative divq '' means Q-vector convergence or mesoscale. 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Also known as radiation fog, and occasionally by Strong gusty winds,.... ; Small basic operation DIFFERENTIAL ADVECTION-The increasing or decreasing of advection with height in the atmosphere above them heats mountain. Faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on go. Succession of updrafts and downdrafts, reductions GEOGRAPHY as level ptwc- Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located Honolulu! Laws that force the factories to reduce the amount of pollution they produce and churning motions consequently! Different wind in the future current causes low temperatures and less rain on our west coast is impossible. Lows beneath deep upper troughs and lows anabatic and katabatic winds by warmer surface temperatures on a range. Mountains, valleys, trees, buildings, etc. dry wind on the go towards a body water!, flows up the slope column of air or water warmer surface temperatures on a local and... Consequently turbulence weather maps develops just east of the atmosphere above them radiated to space occur. 10 miles ahead of the storm just east of the waves componant along the local parallel of latitude warm then. The northwest toward the southeast radiosonde- an instrument attached to a category of precipitation given by the forecast.! Between 100 and 150 knots wind speed varies dramatically between the moving air mass and is! Mass and this is shown in Figures 1.4.1A and 1.4.1B in these situations, when forecasts!
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