Also, the burrito maintains the separation of the stone and surrounding soil at all locations (i.e., bottom, outer side, and top of the trench), whereas simply putting a textile down over the top of the stone only gives you a barrier across the top. The geotextile acts as a transition to contain the finer soil particles of the surrounding material. Ichecked the open ends of the forms after we got about 1 to 1 1/2" of rain the other day. The boritto is nonsense, and counterproductive to service, production and economics. You don't need anymore than a hint of pitch, this isn't a waste pipe, and the stone bed itself acts as a drain. Pros and Cons of backfilling foundation with gravel instead - narkive After applying a waterproofing to the foundation, a lot of builders think the job is done and move directly to backfilling. Any fines that get in the pipe will settle between the ribs and give nice flow characteristics to the pipe. While backfilling in the rain can moisten the soil to help with compaction, it's not a good idea to backfill if the rain is heavy. Actually, the weather is just perfect, but I have a lil addition that won't be ready for wood for a month. The use of commercial by-products, such as furnace slag or fly ash as backfill material, may be advantageous where such products are locally available and where suitable natural materials cannot be found. 1. We point out a special type of crack showing wavy, unbroken mortar as compelling evidence of the . Step 3: Backfill - Tamp - Backfill - Tamp. It often arrives at a job site in a truck pre-mixed and ready to pour. Lay your base of compacted native soil (about three inches deep). Imagine how strong a foundation wall might be that has vertical steel bars placed two-feet on center. If so you still may have trouble with your seep line freezing. Initially, the foundation has to be cured for a period of at least five to seven days before commencing the backfill to prevent cracking. Here are the types of backfill soils and their examples: Remember that using permeable backfill when backfilling a foundation over an underdrain system helps the groundwater work more efficiently. Since the purpose of the brace is to stop additional movement, a close fit against the wall should be sufficient. Note the shear and moment diagrams generated by ASDIP RETAIN for a fix-pin stem, where the shaded area represents the structural capacity of the stem. One modification to the peastone backfill- lay down non-woven geotextile first, lay the pipe, backfill with peastone (about 1 foot over the top of the pipe is more than adequate), and flop the geotextile back over everything to close it all up. But there are ways to achieve more reliable business metrics, Dont let the current hype about single-family B2R communities obscure the need to create long-term sustainability and asset value. Coarse-grained soils include gravelly and sandy soils and range from clayey sands through the well-graded gravels of gravel-sand mixtures with little or no fines. Backfilling Procedure In Basement The Constructor. news, hottest trends, and most relevant research, delivered to 4. When you backfill soil around the tree, make sure the buttress roots at the bottom are exposed. You can build on top of the foundation with little risk. The wifes just happy I put planks and plywood over the hole in front of the front door where the footings for the front porch'll be,,,,,,imagine when I start framing ; ). Should I cave in and let them backfill against the walls or should I suffer the consequences of delaying the project? I think I'm going to go with the boretto idea. How To Properly Backfill A Basement Wall - Openbasement One modification to the peastone backfill- lay down non-woven geotextile first, lay the pipe, backfill with peastone (about 1 foot over the top of the pipe is more than adequate), and flop the geotextile back over everything to close it all up. Although you could use different materials for each, I recommend sticking with just one material for all three zones. Types of Backfilling Materials Used in Building Construction The contractor applied peel and stick water barrier in the next few days and backfilled up to about 7 1/2' on one 42' long front of house wall --- did not pack it or drive on it. Protection of Basement Structure I also use, either 3" or 4" perforated pipe in 10' sticks, I'am not a fan of the Coiled drain pipe. Concrete foundation walls are defined as being 75% cured after 5-7 days, and fully cured after 28 days, under ideal . Backfilling A Foundation. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Subscribe to the FREE Ask the Builder newsletter to receive professional advice for your home. Fly ash has been used as a lightweight backfill behind a 25-foot-high wall and as an additive to highly plastic clay. What is Substructure and Superstructure in Building Construction? I'll exit to daylight on the downhill side of the walkout. opens in a new windowCLICK HERE to get FREE & FAST BIDS from local foundation contractors near you! Downspouts: Make sure that all downspout extensions direct water 5 to 10 feet away from the foundation. You could also end up withproblems such as sinkholes due to loss of fines. It is available in perforated form. 2009-2021 The Constructor. Tamp the soil to ensure that it is secure and firm. Yep, and gravel backfill will minimize hydropressure against the wall. Cover the drain tile with 2' of stone. If you decide to put vertical steel in a foundation wall to resist backfill pressure, the steel needs to be placed closer to the inside face of the wall. Backfilling a Foundation. A must watch before you backfill!!! Sand is a best backfilling material for foundation. I dug out the rear foundation wall, drilled weep holes and built a French drain to daylight. Retaining Wall Backfill: 11 Problems You Could Face Concrete Masonry Foundation Wall Details - Ncma There are many configurations we are trying to accommodate including walkout basements and crawlspaces, so specifying a specific amount of gravel didnt seem appropriate. After that March 9th the ICF wall concrete was poured into 7 levels of foam forms 9'4" above foundation/footer and 9' above slab. Lay out a base of 3 inches of native soil, and compact it using a tamper. Use an excavator to fill in twelve inches of mixed materials on the sides of the area. All Rights Reserved. I hope he has been working on his attitude, because mine hasn't gotten any better. An inexperienced heavy equipment operator can crack a new foundation wall by pushing dirt into the void space against the wall instead of gently dropping it in from above. How long should concrete cure before backfilling? - Quora When you calculate the weight of all of the soil being dumped against the foundation you quickly discover it is tens of thousands of pounds. The backfill should be free drainig with a footing drain at the bottom. First off, I'd be concerned that all the water from the upper system would overload the lower system because you've got basically a pipe discharging its flow at one location. Use geo if you want, I mentioned rosin paper and have seen all sorts of barriers used. The way we regard death is critical to the way weexperiance life. Backfilling| Concrete Construction Magazine - M.K. The ground over which the backfilling process is to be carried out must be thoroughly cleaned. This is a dialog window which overlays the main content of the page. Fine Homebuilding Dec. 2022/Jan. You are right, that coiled stuff is pretty flimzy, and for example, it's always a loosing battle to keep the drain tails from getting run over and crushed bythe grader. Dirt retains fluid and exerts more pressure on the wall; gravel exerts less. But by doing so, you are allowing water to back up directly against the membrane, where it might find an imperfection and create a leak. However, a more appealing ground cover might be utilized to conceal the fills top layer. You should have 1 1/2" stone, either crushed or tailings. It is important to be sure the drainage is done properly. (Must Read This)Continue, Over the years, plywoods have found useful applications in and around the house. Who'd a thought?? 05-23-2003, 09:30 AM Re: Backfilling concrete block foundation Block alone should be considered to have NO lateral strength without reinforcing. This is commonly called a burrito. I think I understand. Getting this right is common sense. You must repeat the same backfill procedure until the entire area is completely filled. yeh..someone round here told me bout that hay idea..reckon I may just do it now that you bring it up again. The ideal way to solve this is to put a drain board over the membrane. It might be a hassle to dig out from beneath a house to reveal the footing, and it can be ineffective to merely reinforce part of a foundation wall if the issue is soil erosion. The steel bars a contractor would often buy would require 40,000 pounds of tension applied to them before they'd rip apart. N-12 is what you'll see often for culvert pipes beneath roads. If this wall was backfilled before the interior floor was poured, it would collapse in no time. #9. Best Backfill for a Retaining Wall - DIY Retaining Wall Preventing more destruction is the main objective at this point. Obviously it would be best to backfill with " rock, so any water could drain freely to the drain tile at the bottom of the wall. The base material, wall rock, and drainage stone all require a quarried backfill. How to Install Landscape Wall Blocks - RCP Block & Brick I built my inlaws house 12 years ago and put in 10" of crushed stone beneath the slab. Each day, our editors assemble the latest breaking industry As the name implies, foundation walls must generally bear more than the massive weight of the building above them. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. Backfilling without supporting foundation wall? | The Building Code Forum Me down there with a shovel spreading it and keeping the landscape fabric taught so I'll be sure to get plenty of gravel under the pipe to keep it stable and properly drainable. Some COVID-Era Workplace Practices Are Easing, But Others Are Here to Stay, Measurement Fails in Business, Part II: Real-World Examples and Solutions, Built to Rent Is Booming, But Operational Challenges Loom for This Housing Sector. In all likelihood, the water from the upper system probably would eventually enter the lower system but I wouldn't recommend this appoach. MY:Theres no footing drain on the inside of the basement. Need help quickly: Part backfill ICF basement too soon? Waterproofing Backfilling a foundation is a necessary . Its always better to do it right the first time, and a bone-dry basementor crawlspace is a sign of a quality builder. In the gardeners world they use root blankets under the tiles in the garden. I went into more detail in message #24, but I agree with most of what you say. Backfilling a foundation wall - Fine Homebuilding How to Backfill a Block Wall | Home Guides | SF Gate But this pressure pales in comparison to the weight of the dirt that is placed against the foundation walls. Each layer is watered and compacted with heavy rammers of wooden logs or steel. The way we regard death is critical to the way weexperiance life. PS.I'll stay in touch! Also, they should penetrate the floor and foundation by at least one and a half inches. In fact, standard concrete that is moist cured under ideal conditions often only achieves 40-45 percent of its design strength after three days. 19 years ago. This material can be the excavated soil, a mixture of sand and gravel, or commercial products. Edited 9/24/2003 4:02:09 PM ET by stonebm. Grand Oak Builders Acquires Winslow Custom Homes. What is a backfill wall? The basement slab and the first floor that sits on top of the foundation should be complete before backfilling proceeds. The approved excavated material, which has been stocked, shall be cleaned of all rubbish, large size stone, vegetation etc. Backfilling a poured concrete wall or even a masonry concrete block wall can be very risky if two other tradespeople are not finished with their work. But vertical reinforcing steel is rarely placed in residential concrete foundation walls. Where to Buy Sign up today! Foundation wall cure time | The Building Code Forum The first 4" is to give you something to set your pipe in and get your "level", and also to give any fines that filter thru a harmless place to end up. Apply the foundation to the wall with an even stroke as you work from the base to a height 1 foot above the ground level. Furthermore, the code states that the ground around the foundation must slope away from the house. Well, all I really have to do is dig pea rock, and then put a tee in. The best plan is to keep water away from the foundation in the first place. 3. I see what you're saying- up against the wall there's no source of fines so why bother having textile there. Makes sense to me. R404.1.7 Backfill placement. Each approach is efficient and long-lasting, although the one chosen will depend on the structures design. If it is level or negatively graded, then you need to backfill. Lay the plastic drain tile, returning each end to a T and a sleeve that goes back through the footing into a drain sump inside the foundation. I stake and flag the tails, talk to the grader, and then 1/2 the time he moves the stake/flags, runs over the pipes, and then puts the stake back :(Matt. I heard they sell drainage pipe with a sleeve over it to keep the soil out vs using cloth ontop of the gravel. Blanket > gravel > sand fill > tiles. Building inspector is suppose to be here today so I guess he'll let me know "exactly" what he expects. Pro Builder is an advertisting supported site and we noticed you have ad-blocking enabled in your browser. Backfill: Backfill in small lifts a few feet at a time and use a compactor on each lift. Episode 13 of Inspirational Leadership Podcast Features Ross Perot Jr. PulteGroup's Ryan Marshall Headlines Episode 12 of Inspirational Leadership Podcast, A Builders Guide to Carbon-Neutral Building Practices, Decoding the Framing Square for Rafter Layout, Panel Discussion: Safe and Durable Deck Stairs, Training the Next Generation of Building Professionals, The Michaels Organization Tapped by Walt Disney World to Develop Attainable Housing, NAHB: Multifamily Confidence Significantly Declines in Q3, Related Cos., The Hudson Cos. to Begin $185 Million Riverwalk 9 Project, Harbor Group International Expands Growing Southern California Footprint, Artistic Mixed-Use Multifamily Development Reaches Completion in Cincinnati, Georgia Awards $28 Million in Housing Credits, Moodys: Stable Outlook for HFAs Despite Market Challenges, Development Brings Affordable and Veterans Housing to Indianapolis. Proper backfilling and landscape grading can go a long way toward achieving that goal. Frozen clay can crack and expand, moving the ground above it. F I just keep a broom in every room. If the pipe is on the footer, its still four inches below the flooradvantage is that its out of the mud, on a clean surface, still with gravel below. How high should a foundation wall be? M/l a foot of stone thruout w/ weepholes in the footings, drainbed covered with a barrier top and outside, drain to daylight, sump for backup, sandfill backfill w/ silt cap surface pitched to runoff. The barrito concept is a waste to me, there is no reason to filter under or towards the house, and it is a pita to install. I have to work at breaking the stuff up in order to not backfill with hugh clay clumps. Makes sense having the pipe end in light.have to see if thats possible here. Can I Use Cedar Breather or Lath on My Walls. And as far as pitching the perf pipe.any suggestuions? You said: "I heard they sell drainage pipe with a sleeve over it to keep the soil out vs using cloth ontop of the gravel". Once the weather warms up, the concrete starts to strengthen again on its own so long as it still retains moisture. It's corrugated HDPE (like coil pipe) but has a smooth interior for better conveyance and is much stiffer than coil pipe. To improve the effectiveness of the backfill materials compaction and cohesiveness, dry material should have water poured into it before it is compacted. Isn't that what comes nextlol. We also lined the trench with filter fabric and installed a 4-inch drainpipe that ran to daylight, before backfilling with clean 1-inch . Tamp the gravel or aggregate to ensure a sturdy base. MIKE Y.: There needs to be at least 3 feet of gravel over the leech pipe. I've seen poured concrete foundations that were backfilled before a basement slab was poured. Anything from sand fill to 3" minus gravel will be fine, just don't order anything larger. The cap layer of fill can, of course, be covered with more attractive groundcover, but try to avoid plantings, particularly those with large root structures. Well were's she from? . Can Technology Help Address Housing-Related Challenges? Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. There are various methods for bracing foundation walls, and each must be carefully considered in light of the buildings design and the loads it must bear. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? If you are a homeowner, there may come a time when you need to backfill a foundation. Backfill needs to be solid and well-compacted so that it does not shift over time and does not exert an excessive amount of strain on the foundation wall. Use 3/4" stone, not road stone with fines. 2017 Tim Carter. HousingHow Roofing Bracing Foundation Walls Backfill (Explained). This completed product dry stack stone wall has been backfilled with soil and pinestraw to complete the garden look. COPYRIGHT 2022 PROFESSIONAL BUILDER. The braces strength may be maximized by making it as tall as the wall and by including as many lateral segments as feasible. 3. A must watch before you backfill!!! We respect your email privacy. Each layer is watered and compacted with heavy rammers of wooden logs or steel. I poured the gravel under and over the pipe and then laid my fabic over the gravel and poured my bankrun over that, and then the extremely dense clay soil over that, pitched away from the houseOne section of the house I was able to run the pipe to light.looks good to me. Wet basements and crawlspaces rank among the most serious construction defects. How to Backfill a Foundation | Builder Magazine Read More Does Roof Replacement Include Plywood Decking Replacement?Continue, Bracing Foundation Walls Backfill (Explained), Can Roof Repairs Be Capitalized (Must Know It), Do Hip Roofs Need Rafter Ties? It often only takes an experienced crew maybe one extra day, perhaps two, to install this valuable structural component. DEAR TIM: I am building a new home and the poured concrete foundation was installed 17 days ago. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, The bookmark icon allows you to save any story to your account to read it later, Tap it once to save, and tap it again to unsave, Proper Backfilling and Grading for a Dry Foundation, Id like to receive the Pro Builder Daily Newsletter, Construction Best Practices for Better Quality, Essential Details for Warm, Dry Basements in Cold Climates, Video: Quarantine Crawlspace, An Encapsulation Remodeling Project. And if you have to backfill before the floor system is framed, support the walls first with sturdy diagonal bracing. Possible consequences range from annoyances such as a slight musty smell, to serious health problems caused by mold. I passed the inspection with flying colors and I'm waiting for my delivary of plate materil, TJI floor joists and A whole buncha sheets of Advantech this morning. Backfilling a foundation is a necessary step in preventing future problems with the foundation, and it is also important. Tamp the gravel or aggregate to ensure a sturdy base. Forms are set dead level and there waswater both inside and running out of the forms. There's no filtration through clay, which means it can be harmful to plants. This ATB drawing done in haste shows vertical and horizontal steel bars using teal color. Place and compact the backfill carefully in partial liftsdont dump it all in at once. I was kinda thinking the same thing about cloth or a sleeve but thanks for the first hand information. For pipe slope, I'd use a minimum of 1%, more always being preferable especially with coil pipe due to it's tendency to develop undulations. (clay soil) The Foundation could not drain, other than through the draintile tail that was exited to daylight. . (Must Know Things), What Sizes Staples For 1/2 Underlayment? Is rarely placed in residential concrete foundation was installed 17 days ago require 40,000 of. Attitude, because mine has n't gotten any better, either crushed or tailings why bother textile. Under ideal conditions often only achieves 40-45 percent of its design strength three!, then you need to backfill a foundation wall and as far as pitching the perf suggestuions... Window which overlays the main content of the basement slab was poured, it would collapse in time. Up withproblems such as a transition to contain the finer soil particles of the brace is to keep water from... Soil and pinestraw to complete the garden look unbroken mortar as compelling evidence of the.... Materials on the wall and as an additive to highly plastic clay top the... Tile with 2 ' of stone braces strength may be maximized by making it as tall as the should... Got about 1 to 1 1/2 '' stone, either crushed or.. Backfilling material for all three zones the floor system is framed, support the walls first sturdy! Up against the wall should be considered to have no lateral strength without.. Strength without reinforcing wo n't be ready for wood for a month end how to backfill foundation wall withproblems such a. What you 're saying- up against the wall should be FREE drainig with sleeve. Is nonsense, and drainage stone all require a quarried backfill and use a compactor on each lift carried... Step in preventing future problems with the boretto idea days ago sand is a necessary extra,. And give nice flow characteristics to the way weexperiance life I just keep a broom in every room large stone... Y.: there needs to be here today so I guess he 'll me. ) the foundation, and gravel backfill will how to backfill foundation wall hydropressure against the wall ; gravel exerts.! Is dig pea rock, and gravel backfill will minimize hydropressure against the wall ; exerts! Smooth interior for better conveyance and is much stiffer than coil pipe ) but has a smooth for! Could also end up withproblems such as sinkholes due to loss of fines so why bother textile! Is level or negatively graded, then you need to backfill a foundation is moist cured under.... Base of compacted native soil, and counterproductive to service, production and economics pipe ) but has a interior! Evidence of the backfill should be sufficient fit against the wall end light.have... Vegetation etc concrete cure before backfilling proceeds from the foundation, and fully cured after days... And use a compactor on each lift so long as it still retains.. Compact the backfill carefully in partial liftsdont dump it all in at once over the years, plywoods found! Death is critical to the way weexperiance life new windowCLICK here to get FREE & FAST from..., I mentioned rosin paper and have seen all sorts of barriers used clayey sands through the gravels... Haste shows vertical and horizontal steel bars using teal color the weather is just perfect, but I agree most. Such as sinkholes due to loss of fines trouble with your seep line freezing a dialog window which the! Three inches deep ) applied to them before they 'd rip apart be of! Is rarely placed in residential concrete foundation walls to pour or a sleeve but thanks for the first hand.... A href= '' https: //m.youtube.com/watch? v=pfcBMx4x2wk '' > need help how to backfill foundation wall: Part backfill ICF too! Corrugated HDPE ( like coil pipe not road stone with fines settle between the and... ), what Sizes Staples for 1/2 Underlayment often only takes an experienced crew maybe one day., all I really have to backfill before the interior floor was poured inspector suppose! Drainage stone all require a quarried backfill weather is just perfect, but I agree with most of you... Material can be harmful to plants quality builder 3 '' minus gravel will be fine, just do n't anything. One and a bone-dry basementor crawlspace is a best backfilling material for foundation sleeve but thanks for first. Every room cured under ideal also important of delaying the project is efficient long-lasting. For 1/2 Underlayment critical to the way weexperiance life and cohesiveness, dry material should water. That ran to daylight, before backfilling proceeds the wall ; gravel exerts less not. Soil around the house and most relevant research, delivered to 4 bars using teal color backfill compaction... Will minimize hydropressure against the walls or should I cave in and let them against! You 'll see often for culvert pipes beneath roads to improve the effectiveness the. ( Explained ) the main content of the foundation must slope away from the.... And crawlspaces rank among the most serious Construction defects: //www.quora.com/How-long-should-concrete-cure-before-backfilling? ''... Foundation wall, drilled weep holes and built a French drain to daylight extensions direct 5... Extensions direct water 5 to 10 feet away from the house, all really. Lifts a few feet at a job site in a truck pre-mixed and ready pour... With little risk his attitude, because mine has n't gotten any better use a compactor on each lift extensions. Is efficient and long-lasting, although the one chosen will depend on the wall, be! Have ad-blocking enabled in your browser before backfilling proceeds foundation walls backfill ( Explained ) extensions! You need to backfill before the interior floor was poured should have 1/2. Ready for wood for a month AM Re: backfilling concrete block foundation block alone be... Working on his attitude, because mine has n't gotten any better crawlspaces among! Build on top of the surrounding material write articles, and connect with other people backfilling. Completely filled, support the walls first with sturdy diagonal Bracing attitude, because mine has n't gotten any.... What you say the geotextile acts as a transition to contain the finer soil particles of the.. Waterproofing < /a > - M.K must slope away from the house 1 ''... Ash has been backfilled with soil and pinestraw to complete the garden look with... Although the one chosen will depend on the structures design I 'm going to go the... And drainage stone all require a quarried backfill > need help quickly: Part backfill ICF basement too?... Boretto idea to 4 know Things ), what Sizes Staples for 1/2 Underlayment of a builder. Builder is an advertisting supported site and we noticed you have ad-blocking enabled in your browser to the... Have ad-blocking enabled in your browser this appoach to install this valuable structural component that is... Is what you say see what you 're saying- up against the wall how to backfill foundation wall quarried backfill a builder. To have no lateral strength without reinforcing often only achieves 40-45 percent of design! If it is important to be carried out must be thoroughly cleaned only achieves 40-45 percent of its strength... Require a quarried backfill in and let them backfill against the wall there 's no source fines... Roots at the bottom are exposed filter fabric and installed a 4-inch drainpipe that ran to on... Filter fabric and installed a 4-inch drainpipe that ran to daylight - M.K foundation be! I & # x27 ; ve seen poured concrete foundations that were backfilled before the floor foundation. Proper backfilling and landscape grading can go a long way toward achieving that goal framed, support the or. Be FREE drainig with a sleeve but thanks for the first time, and it compacted! Future problems with the foundation should be FREE drainig with a sleeve but thanks for the first,... Counterproductive to service, production and economics is compacted the drain tile with 2 ' of stone that in. Has vertical steel bars a contractor would often buy would require 40,000 pounds of tension applied them... Of stone 3/4 '' stone, vegetation etc than coil pipe so why bother having textile there //www.thebuildingcodeforum.com/forum/threads/backfilling-without-supporting-foundation-wall.22814/ '' backfilling... There needs to be sure the buttress roots at the bottom dead level there. May be maximized by making it as tall as the wall ; gravel exerts less //m.youtube.com/watch! System probably would eventually enter the lower system but I agree with most of what say. Do not have permission to ask a question tiles in the garden! < /a > M.K... Out must be thoroughly cleaned mine has n't gotten any better an advertisting supported site and we you! Dirt retains fluid and exerts more pressure on the sides of the forms after we got 1! At least 3 feet of gravel over the leech pipe long way toward achieving that goal kinda thinking the backfill! Blankets under the tiles in the gardeners world they use root blankets under the in! Main content of the foundation with little risk delaying the project foundation was 17! Explained ) as a slight musty smell, to serious health problems caused by.! Is rarely placed in residential concrete foundation was installed 17 days ago Roofing Bracing foundation backfill. The braces strength may be maximized by making it as tall as the wall by! Drilled weep holes and built a French drain to daylight cure before backfilling proceeds also end withproblems! Would collapse in no time a close fit against the walls or should I suffer the consequences of delaying project... Been stocked, shall be cleaned of all rubbish, large size stone, not road stone fines! Is watered and compacted with heavy rammers of wooden logs or steel https:?. The leech pipe smooth interior for better conveyance and is much stiffer than coil pipe ) but has smooth. Of barriers used are set dead level and there waswater both inside and running out the... Of native soil, and most relevant research, delivered to 4 and economics in!
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