Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies % .KG{(Q,jemO{rx!{6\^ zzByz(PN8? Approximately 200days before the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, the IOC announced changes to their competitive sport policy for transgender people. Employs the United States Anti-Doping Agency policy. Three qualitative studies described the implications that sport policies had on the experiences of transgender people who engaged in sport [26, 28, 29]. However, this research did not determine whether these decreases and increases in muscle mass are within ranges for cisgender female and male individuals and the time required to reach cisgender male or female levels. The requirements from each policy are summarised within Table2 and the most salient points of these policies are then presented in the section that follows. via training and greater information provision) and be given advice on how to make such environments more inclusive of transgender people (e.g. They discussed how policy would allow a pre-gender-confirming surgery transgender woman to compete in a male or mixed-gender netball team only and they must obey male dress codes. At a medical level, more physiological research is needed with the transgender population to accurately determine whether transgender people have an advantage in competitive sport or not. Anti-doping rules applicable to the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, in Rio de Janeiro, in 2016. An expert panel maintained the viewpoint that everyone has the right to compete in accordance with their gender identity at a recreational and elite level. The new (2016) IOC policy will be considered in Sect. Im XY and I Know It: Sex Determination Systems 101 The Association of Boxing Commissions. Wylie K, Barrett J, Besser M, et al. WebGender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. The 2016 IOC policy [20] also states that to avoid discrimination against transgender female individuals, they are allowed to complete in a male category if they do not meet the requirements for transgender female athletes. Despite these interesting findings, the study is limited by the lack of sociodemographic information provided about participants. fewer restrictions); however, the 2004 policy has been extremely influential on other sport organisations policy development. WTOP | Washingtons Top News | DC, MD & VA News, Traffic For instance, having large hands is key for manipulation in some sports (e.g. Available from: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/EPATH-2015-Book-of-Abstracts.pdf, http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/bruce-jenner-im-woman/story?id=30570350, http://www.olympic.org/content/news/media-resources/manual-news/1999-2009/2004/05/17/ioc-approves-consensus-with-regard-to-athletes-who-have-changed-sex/, http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/Medical_commission/2015-11_ioc_consensus_meeting_on_sex_reassignment_and_hyperandrogenism-en.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_a78ffb4eca2e4f07a122c990005f77dd.pdf, http://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Transgender_Handbook_2011_Final.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_2a79ff51fb2f40a6ac0c1ad4a2493543.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_d4601f281da449648ca4c60d0d81a526.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_63894095ad33464bb3a00fdbaf7cc0a7.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_ac2d2cc75887442cb8f310be9e987fc1.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_097c27dfc6784e9eb89d7c5ab44dd399.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_495cfbb7bb0240029f5aa1851b0e99a1.pdf, http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/usa-swimmings-anti-discrimination-policies-include-sexual-orientation-gender-expression/, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_7b1ae1602497400397ff125e25aa7036.pdf, http://www.thefa.com/football-rules-governance/equality/lgbt-football, http://www.lta.org.uk/about-the-lta/policies-and-rules/transgender-policy/, http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badmintonengland.co.uk%2Fcore%2Fcore_picker%2Fdownload.asp%3Fid%3D14949&ei=7sqSVbHKO-b67AaI_ZCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNGLLaRFodpT2mkeVsKBclhg8e7P-g, http://c1593.r93.cf3.rackcdn.com/BUCS_Transgender_Policy.pdf, http://www.swimming.org/asa/about-us/policy-documents/swimming-policy1/9479, http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_football.cfm?page=3325, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_067aff13c7444fd4b223035aa4f82e0d.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_2c8d17994bdb4da897d36c77415935cb.pdf, http://ukrda.org.uk/2014/04/ukrda-transgender-policy/, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_63bb33953f554b7ab0fabfdde502d83d.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_476cfbfe00df48c3aa5322a29d5e11b2.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_76b96547c2904a27a928165800a11698.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_cd8f3b2a4e134a5f96ddab8361570add.pdf, http://media.wix.com/ugd/2bc3fc_d72b0af75a4840ac8e27a424e7e94691.pdf, https://www.usquidditch.org/files/USQ_Rulebook_9.pdf, https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/ioc-anti-doping-rules-rio-2016-olympic-games, http://cces.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/cces-transinclusionpolicyguidance-e.pdf, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmwomeq/390/39002.htm. By doing this, these professionals will be able to ensure transgender people can start or continue to engage in sport in a safe and inclusive manner. The 2004 IOC policy [18] therefore adopts a very narrow definition and excludes a large proportion of transgender people [19]. Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. Creating inclusive environments for trans participants in Canadian sport. IOC consensus meeting on sex reassignment and hyperandrogenism. gender neutral changing facilities with cubicles). There appears to be a lack of rationale regarding the 4-year time period for transgender athletes, although this time restriction is consistent with the current disciplinary action for cisgender athletes when a doping incident occurs [67]. However, this study was limited by the sampling methods employed. Available from: The Football Association. Available from: National Collegiate Athletic Association. competition in the absence of advantage). inclusion in the absence of advantage) sport policies for transgender individuals and a fair system for all. Available from: USA Senior Softball. Within each search engine, the following search terms were entered: gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, trans people, trans individual, transgender and transsexual. Future studies should investigate when a person can be considered physiologically as their experienced gender. Transgender policy. Medical handbook and medical rules of AIBA open boxing. Available from: Amateur Swimming Association. The LGBT term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB, which began to replace the term gay (or gay and lesbian) in reference to the broader The remaining 21 articles were downloaded for full-text review and 13 papers were excluded as they were discussion papers, as opposed to research articles. However, there has been a paucity of research that has directly explored how androgenic hormone levels are associated with athletic competence in both cisgender and transgender populations (e.g. Peer victimization, social support and leisure-time physical activity in transgender and cisgender individuals. Harper J. They are not allowed to play on a womens team, Transgender male individuals: must have hormone results within a cisgender male range, Undergone CHT for a sufficient amount of time, Transgender female individuals: undergone CHT or gonadectomy (removal of testes), Blood results must be within a cisgender female range, No evidence of gender identity or hormone levels is required to participate, Must be living full time as their chosen gender, All rowers in mens events are male and all rowers in womens events are female, Gender is determined by legal recognition of gender, Transgender women are allowed to compete as a woman as long as their hormone levels are within a typical female range. Transgender male individual will be used to describe people who are assigned female at birth, based on their genital appearance, but later identify as male. In relation to sport-related physical activity, lack of accessibility to an inclusive and comfortable environment appeared to be the primary barrier to participation. a football kit) and swimwear is heavily gendered (i.e. In addition to this, the policy appears to have been developed with only transgender female individuals in mind, possibly as transgender male individuals are not thought to possess athletic advantages in the majority of sports, and therefore the policy discriminates against transgender male individuals [21]. The issues and challenges that transgender people experience when engaging in competitive sport and sport-related physical activity will undoubtedly become more prominent as the visibility and prevalence of transgender people become more pronounced. We sincerely thank Prof. Barrie Houlihan for his helpful advice and feedback on an early draft of this systematic review. NCAA inclusion of transgender athletes handbook. Semerjian and Cohens [27] narrative account provides a good overview of how diverse and individual the issues and experiences of transgender people participating in competitive sport can be. Transgender men are not thought to possess an athletic advantage, despite being injected with testosterone if they chose to medically transition with cross-sex hormones. ]J9{%*bDv:y. Wikipedia Before Health and safety of combat sports participants. WebThe Trevor Project will be a leading source of scientific information on the needs and strengths of LGBTQ youth. Paracetamol use during pregnancy a call for precautionary action This is a great improvement in sport policy, which considers gender assigned at birth and individual difference in relation to bloody hormone levels and moves away from the requirement of surgery to compete in their experienced gender category. He did not adopt a systematic methodology and therefore did not include the majority of transgender sport policies. Claes L, Bouman WP, Witcomb GL, et al. WebSexual attraction to transgender people has been the subject of scientific study and social commentary. IOC approves consensus with regard to athletes who have changed sex. The new PMC design is here! WebNPR's brings you news about books and authors along with our picks for great reads. The site is secure. Healthline The term menopause is commonly used to describe any of the changes a woman experiences either before or after she stops menstruating. Cisgender will be used to describe people who do not experience incongruence between their gender assigned at birth and their gender identity. Within qualitative research, because of the small sample size, it is often desirable to provide a large amount of sociodemographic detail about participants so that the findings can be interpreted in relation to this information. In relation to competitive sport participation, the findings from this systematic review suggest that the requirements that transgender competitive sport policies place on competitors were instrumental in transgender athletes negative experiences. Broadly, across all sports, Gooren and Bunck [23] explored whether transgender athletes have a physiological advantage in competitive sport. This section presents the findings from the research articles and sport policies included within this systematic review. The Lines: the Science of Transgender 1Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria, 3 Oxford Street, Nottingham, NG1 5BH UK, 2School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, 3Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Soft tissue sarcoma is a general term used to describe cancers that begin in the soft tissues of the body. Testosterone is only one part of a persons physiology and there are other important factors (both biological and environmental) that should be considered if fairness (the absence of advantage) is the aim in competitive sport. An official website of the United States government. Supporting transgender athletes through sport psychology. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Some transgender people, but not all, will choose to affirm their gender identity by socially transitioning (i.e. Good practice guidelines for the assessment and treatment of adults with gender dysphoria. The most common question of people working within the sport domain will likely be: When it is safe and fair to permit a transgender person to compete in sport in line with their experienced gender? basketball), but this is not seen as an unfair advantage. WebWith scientific data potentially linking HRT to higher risks of heart attack, stroke and other serious health problems, many women are reconsidering HRT. A term used in medical law to decide whether a child (under 16 years of age) is able to consent to their own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge. In: Transgender healthcare in Europe. With the intention of addressing the limitations of the previous literature review, this systematic review has two aims. Learn more here. [12] found that transgender people were more likely to avoid situations when they were afraid of being harassed, identified as transgender or outed, such as in clothes shops, public toilets and gyms. Freedom of speech While this study was the first to explore, experimentally, whether transgender people can compete fairly, the sample size was relatively small (n=36). Psychiatry.org YX^%|{yCx6PmmbM@1Ww[ n>9$#,fX_:pc!qR;!_fPhF0 " *AXaX$g89. Policy and procedures on transsexual people playing in Badminton competitions. All but one (the International Tennis Federation) of these sport organisation policies are employed at a national level. However, this study again discussed sport very broadly and therefore it is unknown whether the participants experiences were associated with specific sports or whether they are generalisable across other sports. A critique of the new policies on hyperandrogenism in elite female athletes. WebWTOP delivers the latest news, traffic and weather information to the Washington, D.C. region. To explore two transgender male individuals experiences of sport in an educational and recreational environment, Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) and a narrative review, Four themes: school sport, their embodied subjectivities, transitioning and sport participation, To explore the experience of a transgender female participating in womens national ice hockey tournaments, Five main themes: policed identity, internal conflict, taint of masculinity, affirmation and creating gender norms, To explore androgen deprivation and androgen administration in transgender people, Androgen deprivation in transgender female individuals increases the overlap in muscle mass with women but does not reverse it, To explore transgender peoples experiences of sport in relation to social exclusion and minority stress theory, Four themes: intimidating nature of locker rooms, the impact of alienating sport experiences at school, fear of public space, and being denied the social, health and well-being aspects of sport, To explore the relationship between gender identity and physical activity, Transgender people reported less physical activity and reported lower social support and physical self-perception than the cisgender participants, To explore the experiences of transgender athletes, paying particular attention to whether gender identity or performance was related to participation, Athletes discussed a number of barriers and challenges in relation to their sport participation (i.e. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed to undertake this systematic review [22]. While a distinction needs to be made between the issues and experiences transgender people have with regard to participation in sport and competitive sport, it also needs to be acknowledged that there is an overlap. Cisgender. Additionally, transgender people who had undergone gender-confirming surgery pre-puberty are eligible to compete in sport in line with their experienced gender identity [18]. enhance endurance, increase muscle mass) and, while this belief has informed several sporting policies, testosterone may not be the primary, or even a helpful, marker in determining athletic advantage [73]. Additionally, female players may be asked to provide a gender certificate or submit themselves to a medical examination if the medical evidence is not sufficient. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport [74] recently released a document offering guidance to sport organisations on how to develop inclusive competitive sport policies for transgender people. Aitken M, Steensma TD, Blanchard R, et al. Thirty-one research articles were considered potentially relevant to the remit of this review. government site. Transgender policy. Although some of the requirements of these policies are unreasonable and not evidence based (e.g. The increase in people who identify as transgender may be at least partly explained by the increase in visibility of transgender people within Western society [4, 5]. Book of abstracts. Muchicko et al. Furthermore, physical activity and sport can also contribute towards maintaining the appropriate weight necessary to undergo gender-confirming surgery, acknowledging that not every transgender person will wish to do so [1, 2, 17]. Transgender people who are undergoing physical transition have no place to openly participate in netball in New Zealand, To examine the re-negotiation of sex-based boundaries within the context of transgender inclusion in North American lesbian softball leagues, Positive experiences were more often reported by transgender women than transgender men in relation to inclusion despite the re-negotiation of sex boundaries. Learn more WebA lesbian is a homosexual woman. Int Rev Sociol Sport. It is hoped that this systematic review will further enhance the understanding of sport participation and competition amongst transgender people. Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. The majority of transgender people have a negative experience when engaging in competitive sports and sport-related physical activity. Most female mammals, including female humans, have two X chromosomes.Female characteristics vary between different species with some species having pronounced female characteristics, Dooley S, Dawson M, Zak L, et al. Not only is it problematic that other sport organisations adopted the 2004 IOC policy, but elements of the 2004 IOC policy concerning children pre-puberty are not applicable to sport organisations in the UK and many other countries. First, the findings from the research articles that explored participation in sports (both elite and recreational standards) and sport-related physical activities (i.e. Several of the participants in this study also felt that testosterone gave transgender women (endogenous) and men (when injected) an athletic advantage. With regards to Bruce Jenner: Im a woman. For the latter four sports, clothing may be revealing and an indication of ones gender. must have undergone gender-confirming surgery). Trans womens heart-lung capacity and strength exceed cis peers Increase of referrals to gender identity clinics: a European trend? WebThe term cisgender is not a slur. Leisure centres should also be made more aware of potential gender differences (i.e. In light of this, it would be interesting to explore the experiences of transgender people who have previously participated, or are currently participating, in aquatic activates, gymnastics and/or athletics. List of LGBTQ+ terms - Stonewall Interviews, reviews, and much more. The majority of the studies were qualitative in nature, all of which employed interviews [2429]. Additionally, they did not explore the role of testosterone blockers and did not directly measure the effect cross-sex hormones had on athletic performance (e.g. They found that 12months after cross-sex hormone treatment, transgender female individuals had a more feminine pattern of adiposity and their thigh muscles had decreased. Available from: International Association of Athletics Federations. Other research has found that transgender female athletes who have hormonally and surgically transitioned have reported feeling weaker and their testosterone levels tend to be lower than average compared with cisgender women [19, 71]. Instead of being protective they have done little to make sport fair for transgender participators. WebToday, the term transvestite is commonly considered outdated and derogatory, with the term cross-dresser used as a more appropriate replacement. Available from: The Lawn Tennis Association. Estrogen 2RM=DOL%AR/Zn2s2hg(;n:LTbQ |3R>O09c3 AkR&[1L,,NaeP27s/|R,mm"@zJh; Charities and support organisations working with transgender people should consider developing campaigns to raise awareness about different gender identities. jogging, gym fitness activities). Although the rationale for the 2-year time period is not made explicit, it may be related to the fact that this time period was imposed by the IOC in 2004, when banning athletes from competitive sport to discipline them for doping violations. Learn more about what it means to be cisgender here. WebNonbinary: A term used by some individuals whose gender identity is neither girl/woman nor boy/man. The authors suggested that their study highlights how leisure centres need to be more inclusive, and transgender people need to be given more social support to encourage physical activity. To truly be antiracist is to be feminist. (Pg. Several participants perceived testosterone as an athletic advantage in transgender male individuals (when injected) and female individuals (endogenous), If had GCS, then may complete in line with gender identity, Amateur Swimming Association (UK; 2015) [, Association of Boxing Commissions (2012) [, Allowed to complete in line with gender identity providing they have had GCS, British Universities and Colleges Sport (UK; 2012) [, Recommended that when transgender issues arise, then the policy of each national governing body for that sport should be adopted, Encourages participation in line with experienced gender but suggests completion of a TUE form if necessary, Fdration Internationale de Volleyball (2014) [, International Quidditch Association (2015) [, International Gay and Lesbian Football Association (2014) [, International Association of Athletics Federations (2011) [, Ladies Professional Golf Association (USA; 2010) [, Allowed to play in line with gender identity providing they have undergone GCS, National Collegiate Athletic Association (2011) [, Scottish Football Association (UK; 2008) [, Under the age of 16years, players may play with boys and girls (no GCS required), Transgender people are asked to provide legal or another form of documentation to reflect that the athletes gender identity is sincerely held and part of their core identity, Follows the US Anti-Doping Agency rules regarding the use of testosterone, which is a banned substance requiring a TUE to avoid violating policy, Discrimination against any member or participant on the basis of gender, sexual orientation and gender expression is prohibited, Womens Flat Track Derby Association (UK; n.d.) [. How common are mental health conditions among transgender Available from: Womens Flat Track Derby Association. Available from: Kuyper L, Wijsen C. Gender identities and gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. It was found that post-testosterone suppression running times were significantly slower in comparison to pre-testosterone suppression. Details of all of the sport policies included within this review can be found in Table2. Policies from the National Collegiate Athletic Association [32] and British Rowing [50] also state that only cross-sex hormone treatment is required; however, the specifics of this requirement differ for both transgender male and female individuals. Member protection policy. p4Dwj)V}ZyuvI y~x?_kuL_G1a=r})&~nIGRzkmVE*_}q8La>PD#DH7ce &}* bm8? The Texas attorney generals opinion contends all the evidence is insufficient, stating, There is no evidence that long-term mental health outcomes are improved or that rates of suicide are reduced by hormonal or surgical intervention. Providers attest to seeing positive changes in their patients from gender-affirming care. Sexual identity has been in the news often lately, and unsurprisingly so: the past few years have yielded sweeping reforms in civil rights, spurring new conflicts surrounding everything from age-old battles in gender equality to legislation enforcing anti-transgender bathrooms. Microaggressions Lesbian Sport policies were obtained through a Google search using the above search terms with the addition of policy at the end of all sport-related terms. Careers, Gender Identity, Sport Participation, Competitive Sport, Sport Organisation, International Olympic Committee. Freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern international human rights instruments. Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. The athletic advantage transgender female individuals are perceived to have (based on indirect and ambiguous evidence) may be no greater than widely accepted physiological (e.g. Pieper LP. Arcelus J, Bouman WP, Van De Noortgate W, et al. Within the area of sport, physical activity and transgender individuals, research is limited and mainly qualitative. The inclusion of transgender students in United States school-based athletics. By its very nature, the findings from qualitative research cannot be generalised but the findings can be used to form a platform from which generalisations can be made. WebTo be feminist is to reject not only the hierarchy of genders but of race-genders. It is therefore difficult to draw any definite conclusions because of the lack of quantitative research. International Olympic Committee. Currently, the majority of sport policies unfairly exclude transgender people from competitive sport, as the requirements they place on them are not underpinned by evidence-based medicine. For example, a cisgender woman may complain that a transgender woman cannot understand what they are experiencing, implying that transgender women are not real women. Were significantly slower in comparison to pre-testosterone suppression tissues of the studies were qualitative nature... All of which employed interviews [ 2429 ] qualitative in nature, all of which employed interviews [ ]! Hoped that this systematic review [ 22 ] assigned at birth and their identity. Playing in Badminton competitions because of the previous literature review, this study was limited by the of! 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