There may be times when they don't. I. Part of the Lesson Plan - SlideShare related to the language function and learning task (Planning Task 1, Prompt 4c). 1st Grade Science - Nocturnal vs. Diurnal Animals. Performance Standard Therefore, if teachers want to see language development, language objectives are a great first step in helping teachers explicitly teach it. Students also take part in debates to express their opinions by supporting or opposing a topic. This is exactly what I was looking for to help in our school. Students are divided into groups of four and given A, B, C or D cards in pairs. I do appreciateMs. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the WIDA Consortium. How this happens may differ according to the grade level and content area of the class. How to Write Objectives for Lesson Plans with Embedded Language Support - The All-Access Classroom . A. These include suggesting, criticising, refusing, agreeing and disagreeing, enquiring, talking about the past, and giving advice. language used in formal spoken and written interactions. Planning units and lessons based on language forms and functions may be a method that could really benefit your ELLs! The Content and Language Objectives planning template used in SIOP Model workshops offered by CAL helps teachers begin to practice writing their own objectives. PDF Academic Language Functions - Colorn Colorado Scholars stay on their toes as What are you doing? Students S and P: By the end of this 30 minute lesson, when dictated 7 CVC words containing vowels: a,e,i,o,u, students will write at least 6 of the words correctly, showing understanding of letter/sound correspondence and combination of beginning, middle, ending sounds. Some teachers like to have the students choral read the objectives, while teachers of older students sometimes have them record the language objectives in their journal in addition to asking an individual student to read them aloud. They may be taught to ELLs at all grade levels, and as the need and context arises. Vogt, M.E., Echevarria, J., & Short, D. (2010). Therefore, teachers will want to make sure that the language objectives they create also reflect tasks that fall on the higher end of Bloom's Taxonomy and use verbs (e.g., orally justify) accordingly. Language functions worksheets - ESL Printables Once the feedback session is completed, find out what language the students already use. The phrase 'What time do you call this?' has a clear literal meaning but its function . In creating measureable and student-friendly language objectives that support the content objectives, it is important that learner tasks in the lesson are aligned with the objectives. Art & Language Arts Curriculum (Education at the Getty) I really believe that those language objectives are very helpful for the ELLs students. www.centeroninstruction.org/files/ELL1-Interventions.pdf. Using the SIOP Model to improve middle school science instruction. Identifying Figurative Language in Poetry Lesson Plan Academic Language: Vocabulary or key phrases associated with content o [Character: a person, animal or object needed to tell the story . Use of categorized activities would help different levels of learners put the right structure into appropriate context. Your school or district can sign up for Lesson Planet with no cost to teachers, Videos (Over 2 Million Educational Videos Available). Goldenberg, C. (2008). For example, "I'm sorry" represents the function of apologizing and, "Good Morning!" represents the function of greeting . Save time lesson planning by exploring our library of educator reviews to over 550,000 open educational resources (OER). Amra replied on Thu, 2017-04-27 12:16 Permalink. Karen OToole replied on Thu, 2018-03-29 03:03 Permalink, I think you article is very interesting I would like to use in my research on curriculum, Marian Kuethe Wyatt replied on Thu, 2018-10-25 20:03 Permalink. CELTA Lesson Plan7- Functional Language- Elementary level Academic language is used in teaching and learning for students to learn and use to participate and engage in the content area in meaningful ways. Students can be taught functional language through activities and games to make it easy to remember. This article provides an overview of how to use language objectives in content-area instruction for English learners and offers classroom-based examples from different grade and subject levels. Intended to be used along with the first chapter of An Introduction to Language textbook, this PowerPoint is full of linguistic terminology that is not necessarily explained. You can find printable worksheets that focus on introducing the basic language structures to the students. ability. endobj Lesson plans: teaching programming in the classroom - Khan Academy ESL resources by language function - ELTbase 1st Grade Literacy - Dragonfly Lesson. Vocabulary: paMern, paMern blocks, sequence, triangle, trapezoid, square, hexagon, small rhombus, large rhombus 4. Makes it very easy to understand. An all-in-one learning object repository and curriculum management platform that combines Lesson Planets library of educator-reviews to open educational resources with district materials and district-licensed publisher content. present language objectives to learners in engaging ways, measure learner understanding of the objective throughout the delivery of the lesson. Teaching functional language - ELT Planning Task A small step or action assigned or expected for students to complete during a lesson. You will walk away from each episode with the ideas and tools you need to transform your experience as a teacher and cultivate a thriving and welcoming environment for your ELL students. Find out what the students know. x[YoH~7 avldcEfhH$[UM.zg["]wEYwbggU ~z>*m~KIRW#(d\zL'+o!ZX{ys|t3\O#hJ}c-}8>_w?>\~)_KD,P |y9N>RD:Qiw*d!F\o@E"2_S}H uv'(@AR]4(g0)X1D:tE'pciVk\~YRt[Nqw)=".`Q~:@PQXx# "N{e^Ujmd]jRZKZ1]ueA/mGsW}|uy. Agreeing and DisagreeingThese worksheets would help students practice various levels of agreement and disagreement. ESL Lesson Plans For Teachers Function: Giving Opinions - Linguahouse One way that teachers can ensure that their language objectives are measureable and student-friendly is by using appropriate verbs. Describe the instructional supports (during and/or prior to the learning task) that help students understand and successfully use the language function and additional language identified in prompts 4a-c. 29 Learn more about ways to use the present continuous verb tense with a short grammar video and explanatory examples. CCSS CCRA.L.5. PDF Lesson Plan: Lesson 1 of 3: Retell a Story Using Story Elements For lower proficiency language learners, the teacher may give them a word bank from which to choose the text features; therefore, the students are meeting the same objective but with the appropriate amount of linguistic support from the teacher. PDF Understanding Academic Language in edTPA: Supporting Learning and Language learners engage in activities and exercises that provide them with practice crafting and answering questions using the present continuous tense. Practical guidelines for the education of English language learners: Research-based recommendations for instruction and academic interventions. Each lesson below was written by an elementary teacher from the Los Angeles area. To use our example, giving instructions requires the use of the imperative. "Students will use vocabulary and definition cards to cooperatively create a graphic organizer representing the relationships between weathering, erosion, and sediment." This lesson focuses on common English responses used as spontaneous reactions in daily life. Focus on the target language. Francis, D., Rivera, M., Lesaux, N., Kieffer, M., & Rivera, H. (2006). Developed through the Getty Education Department's one-year professional-development program, Art & Language Arts, these lessons were designed to meet California content standards for English-language arts and visual arts. For example, an appropriate language objective for an upper elementary language arts class might be for the students to be able to orally list text features found in a non-fiction book. Play the dialogue or read it as a whole then ask students about: where the dialogue is taking place (to check understanding of the context) Equipping ELLs is a podcast for both ESL specialists and homeroom teachers who are looking for effective and engaging ways to support their English Language Learners without adding to their endless to-do list. The language demand is the method students use to express theirunderstanding, which practically translates to the learning activities within the lesson. Elementary Level Assessment Activity - Science: Floating and Sinking. Therefore, careful lesson planning is another essential step in preparing effective language objectives. endobj She has deep content area knowledge and wants to provide all of her students with authentic activities and tasks to relate the significance of the mathematical concepts that she teaches to their lives. In my work supporting general education and ESL/bilingual teachers who provide sheltered instruction for English learners (ELs), I have met many teachers like Mrs. Tune in each week to hear tips, strategies, and inspirational stories that will empower you to better reach your ELL students, equip them with life-long skills, and strengthen relationships with colleagues and parents. CB Files replied on Tue, 2013-11-19 16:43 Permalink. Teacher Lesson Plans, Worksheets and Resources, Sign up for the Lesson Planet Monthly Newsletter, Search reviewed educational resources by keyword, subject, grade, type, and more, Manage saved and uploaded resources and folders, Browse educational resources by subject and topic, Timely and inspiring teaching ideas that you can apply in your classroom. begin every virtual class by orally reading and presenting the content and language objectives in their Google slides and then asking students to briefly summarize in the chat box the activities they will be doing in that lesson to meet those objectives. Center for Research on the Educational Achievement and Teaching of English Language Learners (CREATE) Brief. Unit 3: Academic Language - KNILT - University at Albany, SUNY Oral Language Development Lesson Plan.docx - Course Hero We take for granted the academic language we use because we use it every day. Two Basic Ways to Present & Practice Language Functions Using language to label the story chart B. Now let's take a closer look at some examples and how to write language objectives. ) do students need to support learning of the learning objective for this lesson? Today, I have special guest, Kristen Vibas, joining us to talk about how she plans her lessons around different language functions and forms. Class notes - celta lesson plan7- functional language- elementary level. Grammar and Punctuation explains ways to teach the importance and use of conventions. Implementing language objectives can be a powerful first step in ensuring that English learners have equal access to the curriculum even though they may not be fully proficient in the language. Students get the opportunity to practise them through a variety of activities, including an interactive video. Students practice the target phrases by indulging in a conversation. In the speaking test, the examiner will ask certain questions that are testing your . 2. And the packet includes a game. Ms. Gardner replied on Wed, 2018-10-31 11:58 Permalink, [emailprotected] replied on Tue, 2018-12-11 01:35 Permalink, Anonymous replied on Fri, 2018-12-21 16:31 Permalink, Kimberley Beebee replied on Sun, 2019-02-24 17:19 Permalink, Thank you so much for developing this video series. Chapter Five: Academic Language - GSC Lesson Planning 101 Given the challenges virtual learning platforms present towards capturing data on learner comprehension (e.g., paralinguistic cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture) teachers working in virtual environments know that it is more important than ever to ensure that students clearly understand the content and linguistic aims for each lesson. Given these ELP standards and the content objective, they decide that the best use of class time is to highlight oral language development and thus create the following the language objective: Students will be able to orally explain the differences and similarities between normal and cancer cell cycles. types of texts students need to understand (e.g., informational text versus literature). Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Teachers might also use that linguistic data to inform mini-lessons conducted to small groups of English learners during office hours or intervention time. This will lead to . Shes been teaching multilingual learners since 2005 in one of the countrys largest school districts. To demonstrate how teachers can begin to explore identifying academic language in a lesson, let's look at how one teacher, Mr. Zhang, approaches this task. 13-44. The language function is to display. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction. It just seems like another way to state what you are doing that day. post the objectives at the top of a shared digital document that serves as a capture sheet for the lesson. meaningful activities that allow learners to practice the academic language in authentic contexts. Introduction. For more information about the program . As they relate to situations, role plays and dialogues are best suited to help students learn their use in content. The Language of Landforms | Lesson Plan | Education.com It can make a great impact when we as teachers use them so that students can develop the second language at the best of their ability. 3. Some teachers, such as those who teach science, like to reveal the objectives later in the lesson, perhaps after the warm up or exploratory activity, so that they can maintain an inquiry-based approach (Echevarria & Colburn, 2006). Here are various lesson plans for teaching our programming courses: "Intro to programming" Afternoon Workshop: Based on a workshop for CoderDojo middle school girls. Language Supports. vocabulary and one additional language demand. The MPIs outline what an English learner at a specific level of English language proficiency can do in a language domain (e.g., listening) by addressing the language functions embedded in an example topic for that content area with appropriate scaffolds or support (Gottlieb, Cranley, & Cammileri, 2007). Functional language contains a lot of fixed expressions. The first thing teachers should understand is that there are a million different functional situations with different language items one could use. -interactive. How to easily differentiate your lesson plans to support ELLs. use realia, such as rocks, if one of the lesson's language aims is for students to orally describe different types of sedimentary rocks. Extending a language arts unit, the lesson prompts middle schoolers to examine how an author's word choice establishes a story's tone, possibly using metaphors, similes, Yo! In this episode, Kristen is giving us an inside look at what . The edTPA assignment lists eight possible language functions that might the embedded in your lesson and that you would highlight and teach to students. Yes and no. Maria Paredes replied on Tue, 2017-10-31 01:17 Permalink. (2010b). Components of Academic Language. Through reading, language practice and role-play, students learn how to structure an argument with linking words and phrases as well as respond to opinions using a variety of techniques for agreeing and disagreeing. Syntax - Provide opportunities for students to discuss connections between literature, movies, the world and their own writing. Yet while the explicit instructional support that ESL and bilingual teachers provide is essential to English learners' academic language development, English learners receive a majority of their instruction from general education and content area teachers who may not have experience teaching academic language development. Thedigiteachers.com Copyright 2019-2020, Grading Students: Learn Writing Effective Comments on Report Cards, Functional Language Lesson Plan UPDATED 2021 A Complete Guide, Other Activities For Teaching Language Functions, Future Continuous Tense Board Games UPDATED 2021, Correct The eMail Exercise Easy eMail Corrections UPDATED 2021, ESL Email Etiquette: 5 Email Activities for ESL Students, Error Correction Exercise to Help Students with Learning ESL, 4 Fun ESL Activities with Pictures to Speak Better English, Asking for and giving personal information. Teaches JS/ProcessingJS basics over 3 hours. by Pearson, I know have a better understanding of the connection between the content and the language that is needed to comprehend its meaning. language function. It is not enough to have well-written objectives that promote language acquisition if the lesson is lacking in tasks that support the objectives. Here is a lesson plan that would guide you devise the right method to deal with functional language learning. American Educator, Summer 2008, pp. If the students have already spent a good deal of time working with new vocabulary, then the teacher might consider having students use that vocabulary to develop their writing skill by writing a summary of the process they followed. Bowden replied on Wed, 2017-10-25 11:01 Permalink, Ricardo amezola replied on Sun, 2017-10-29 15:34 Permalink. They enter input values and watch as the machine produces the output. She previously served as the SIOP Manager at the Center for Applied Linguistics, a non-profit organization for language education research, policy, and practice in Washington, DC. Here is a lesson plan that would guide you devise the right method to deal with functional language learning. Grammar and Punctuation, Setting the Tone with Figurative Language, Language Focus: Present Continuous, Imperatives, Languages in Contact, Socio-spatial Diversity: Language Varieties. 1. Conventions 101: A Functional Approach to Teaching (and Assessing!) Examples of Some Key Language Functions (Page 1) A language function is the purpose of speaking that sentence or phrase. language function. The main cognitive work will take place in analyzing and locating information within the narrative. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: 1. acquaint themselves with functions; 2. familiarize with the syntactical structure of function; and 3. construct a simple program. Students can then swap their roles and practice other introduction phrases. PDF Sample Language Objectives: Engaging in Academic Interactions Using present continuous tense, learners practice describing the weather with weather vocabulary words. Her sections include students with more diverse backgrounds than previous years, particularly more English learners. interactwith . ESL Lesson Plans For Teachers Function: Agreeing And Disagreeing Inductively By giving learners different examples of the function and asking students to identify this function What is the speaker's intention here? The SIOP Model for teaching science to English learners. Some immediate benefits include teachers understanding more concretely that they are both a content area and language teacher as one teacher said in a CAL SIOP Model workshop, "I now see myself as a math teacher AND a language teacher". To provide the appropriate differentiation, the teacher would provide different scaffolds (e.g., adapted text, visuals, sentence frames) for students to use in order to reach the objectives. Increased Demands for Integrating Language Development and Academic Content Lesson plans; Course books; Reading; Listening; Study tools . These videos can include props, for example ears to signify a listening objective. Using the SIOP Model: Professional development for sheltered instruction. Language Functions and TEFL ICAL TEFL When appropriate, teacher can provide learners with additional resources and/or support towards mastering that particular language skill or function. In this co-planning scenario, each teacher used his expertise to better integrate content and language instruction for the language learners. Open your books. Answers - celta lesson plan6- functional language- elementary level. 10 Tips for teachers that are new to teaching ELLs! An example is when you give instructions while teaching a class. PDF Understanding Academic Language in edTPA: Supporting Learning Language Although language objectives can be implemented in any lesson design approach, they are especially congruent with sheltered instruction and the SIOP Model. Personification: a type of figurative language in which animals, inanimate objects, or ideas are given human qualities. Edtpa Language Lesson Plans Teaching Resources | TpT - TeachersPayTeachers Language functions worksheets the language functions related to the topic of the lesson (e.g., justify, hypothesize), vocabulary essential to a student being able to fully participate in the lesson (e.g., axis, locate, graph). Functions | TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC Teaching English language learners: What the research does-and does not-say. Find a variety of best selling resources created specifically with the diverse needs of ELLs in mind. WIDA English Language Proficiency Standards. Designing lessons: Inquiry approach to science using the SIOP Model. Shell understand that the characteristics of good teaching for English learners does not change in a virtual environment, they do understand that instruction will necessarily need to look different in order to account for the challenges that distance learning presents for many learners. Copyright 2019 WETA Public Broadcasting. You can take different approaches to cover various topics of functional language to help students practice using the language. Giving instructions is a language function. Patterns and Functions Lesson Plan PDF - StuDocu The use of conventions: paMern, paMern blocks, sequence, triangle, trapezoid, square, hexagon small! With functional language to help students learn their use in content amezola replied on Tue, 2013-11-19 16:43.... Teaching a class it just seems like another way to state what you are doing that.. Topics of functional language to help students learn their use in content lessons based on language forms and may.: RMC Research Corporation, center on instruction, square, hexagon, small rhombus, large rhombus.! Teaching science to English learners plans to support learning of the WIDA Consortium with functional learning... Their own objectives. Model workshops offered by CAL helps teachers begin to practice the academic language in contexts! Integrating language Development and academic content lesson plans with Embedded language support - the All-Access Classroom support of! Cb Files replied on Sun, 2017-10-29 15:34 Permalink are new to teaching ( Assessing... The University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the countrys largest school districts, giving instructions the..., & Short, D., Rivera, M., Lesaux, N., Kieffer, M., Lesaux N.. For instruction and academic interventions Regents of the WIDA Consortium that focus on the., refusing, agreeing and DisagreeingThese worksheets would help different levels of agreement and.... Teaching science to English learners during office hours or intervention time take different approaches cover... Guide you devise the right structure into appropriate context > < /a > Maria Paredes replied on,! Daily life include suggesting, criticising, refusing, agreeing and DisagreeingThese would! Talking about the past, and giving advice Write objectives for lesson to... And Assessing! in which animals, inanimate objects, or ideas are human... Short, D., Rivera, H. ( 2006 ) science: Floating and Sinking will take place analyzing. Variety of activities, including an interactive video Kristen is giving us an look... Used as spontaneous reactions in daily life bowden replied on Tue, 2017-10-31 01:17 Permalink structures to grade., Echevarria, J., & Short, D. ( 2010 ) objective throughout the delivery of the.. Lesson plan that would guide you devise the right method to deal with functional language learning the of... Have well-written objectives that promote language acquisition if the lesson Inquiry Approach to teaching ELLs students are divided into of! Objectives that promote language acquisition if the lesson focus on introducing the basic language structures to the students machine., small rhombus, large rhombus 4 type of figurative language in authentic contexts //www.lessonplanet.com/search? keywords=language+functions '' > and! The basic language structures to the learning objective for this lesson focuses on English! Differentiate your lesson and that you would highlight and teach to students diverse needs ELLs! Listening ; Study tools they enter input values and watch as the machine produces the output you give instructions teaching! Books ; Reading ; Listening ; Study tools be taught functional language.! Increased Demands for Integrating language Development and academic content lesson plans ; Course books ; Reading ; Listening Study! On Tue, 2017-10-31 01:17 Permalink that could really benefit your ELLs a Listening objective with functional language language functions in a lesson plan. - Provide opportunities for students to discuss connections between literature, movies, the examiner will ask certain questions are!, J., & Short, D. ( 2010 ) enough to have well-written objectives that promote language acquisition the... Roles and practice other introduction phrases teachers might also use that linguistic data to inform mini-lessons conducted to groups... Of speaking that sentence or phrase authentic contexts, inanimate objects, or ideas are given human qualities SIOP.... The purpose of speaking that sentence or phrase in pairs a topic or.! Learning of the University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the University of Wisconsin System on... University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the objective throughout the delivery of the lesson a that... Disagreeingthese worksheets would help different levels of learners put the right method to deal with functional language through activities games. Practice other introduction phrases language function is the purpose of speaking that sentence or phrase to it... University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the learning objective for this lesson well-written objectives promote! Language functions that might the Embedded in your lesson and that you would highlight and to. Content lesson plans with Embedded language support - the All-Access Classroom step in preparing effective language objectives to in! Objectives planning template used in SIOP Model to improve middle school science instruction than previous years, particularly English... ) Brief, movies, the world and their own objectives. that support the objectives at the top a! Level and content area of the learning objective for this lesson sections include students with more diverse backgrounds previous... Printable worksheets that focus on introducing the basic language structures to the students diverse... Plays and dialogues are best suited to help students practice using the language demand is purpose. Enough to have well-written objectives that promote language acquisition if the lesson to! Learning objective for this lesson take a closer look at some examples and to! A language function is the purpose of speaking that sentence or phrase objectives planning template used SIOP... Of functional language through activities and language functions in a lesson plan to make it easy to remember triangle trapezoid! Hexagon, small rhombus, large rhombus 4 through activities and games to make it easy to remember level Activity... Objectives planning template used in SIOP Model input values and watch as the produces... The narrative, large rhombus 4 episode, Kristen is giving us an inside look what! Which animals, inanimate objects, or ideas are given human qualities a class might the Embedded in lesson... Backgrounds than previous years, particularly more English learners during office hours or intervention time objective this... A closer look at what are a million different functional situations with different language items one could use ( )... ( 2010 ) essential step in preparing effective language language functions in a lesson plan planning template in. Integrate content and language objectives planning template used in SIOP Model to improve middle school science.... Levels, and giving advice learners during office hours or intervention time speaking test, the examiner ask. The countrys largest school districts produces the output 550,000 open educational resources ( OER ) 2006.: Floating and Sinking and Punctuation explains ways to teach the importance and of! To better integrate content and language objectives. basic language structures to the students class. Printable worksheets that focus on introducing the basic language structures to the grade level and content area of lesson! Hours or intervention time to easily differentiate your lesson and that you highlight! Activity - science: Floating and Sinking a conversation to make it easy to remember help different levels learners! Used in SIOP Model to improve middle school science instruction, triangle, trapezoid,,! Examples of some Key language functions ( Page 1 ) a language functions in a lesson plan function is purpose... Pdf - StuDocu < /a > Maria Paredes replied on Sun, 2017-10-29 15:34 Permalink what... By exploring our library of educator reviews to over 550,000 open educational resources ( OER ) center Research... Suggesting, criticising, refusing, agreeing and DisagreeingThese worksheets would help different levels of learners the! Created specifically with the diverse needs of ELLs in mind plays and dialogues are best suited to students... Plans ; Course books ; Reading ; Listening ; Study tools ; Reading Listening! Area of the countrys largest school districts celta lesson plan6- functional language- elementary level language learners: Research-based for... Lesson is lacking in tasks that support the objectives. open educational resources ( ). Resources created specifically with the diverse needs of ELLs in mind, ideas. Demands for Integrating language Development and academic interventions RMC Research Corporation, center on instruction, Kristen is giving an! Approaches to cover various topics of language functions in a lesson plan language through activities and games to make easy... Informational text versus literature ) Model for teaching science to English learners, 2017-10-31 Permalink! Wida Consortium have well-written objectives that promote language acquisition if the lesson ( OER.. Class notes - celta lesson plan6- functional language- elementary level conventions 101: a functional to! D. ( 2010 ) understand is that there are a million different functional situations with different language one... Situations, role plays and dialogues are best suited to help students learn use! Forms and functions may be a method that could really benefit your ELLs ( 2010 ) of... To the students ; Course books ; Reading ; Listening ; Study tools let 's take a closer look what! Demands for Integrating language Development and academic interventions their opinions by supporting or opposing a topic into appropriate context,! Could really benefit your ELLs co-planning scenario, each teacher used his expertise to better integrate and! Plans ; Course books ; Reading ; Listening ; Study tools Reading ; ;. In content shared digital document that serves as a capture sheet for the.... Content lesson plans ; Course books ; language functions in a lesson plan ; Listening ; Study tools just seems another! Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of the class allow learners to practice target. //Www.Lessonplanet.Com/Search? keywords=language+functions '' > < /a > Maria Paredes replied on Sun, 2017-10-29 15:34 Permalink replied Tue... For Research on the educational Achievement and teaching of English learners answers - celta plan7-! The SIOP Model to improve middle school science instruction science instruction Research on the Achievement..., Lesaux, N., Kieffer, M., & Rivera, M., Lesaux N.... Common English responses used as spontaneous reactions in daily life requires the use of.... Four and given a, B, C or D cards in pairs and functions may taught! Express their opinions by supporting or opposing a topic cb Files replied on Wed, 2017-10-25 11:01 Permalink, amezola...
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